Ap Euro Calendar Dbq

Explain the reasons for the adoption of a new calendar in revolutionary France and analyze reactions to it in the period 1789 to 1806. The adoption of the revolutionary calendar to replace the Gregorian calendar took place on November 24, 1793 by the National Convention. This new calendar lasted until Napoleon I abolished it in 1806. The new calendar was a adopted in revolutionary France for many reasons including secular ideas and political reasons. There were also many reactions to the change of calendar between 1789 and 1806 such a criticism.There were many secular-slanted ideas that were adopted into the new calendar during revolutionary france. In 1789, the Cahier de doleances (report of grievances), from the Third Estate of Chateau-Thierry, said that they asked for the number of religious holidays be reduced because each of them enchains the activity of a great people, being of considerable detriment to the state and the numerous disadvantages of idleness. This shows that the n ew calendar was more secular because of the decrease in the amount of religious holidays (Document 1).The illustrations of newly named months also show that the new calendar shows more secular-slanted ideas. The new months are named for prosperity and things they are known for. For example, the month of Fructidor which is the month of harvest is between August 18 and September 16, which harvest time. This shows a more secular calendar because the months are associate France with French stuff, instead of the old months being named after religious people (Document 4).In a letter to the National Convention from a peasant from Etampes, it says that with nine long, hard days of labor, the simple citizens want small distractions on their day of rest. During the use of the new calendar in France, people went to church a lot less because with the new calendar they would only go every tenth day, instead of going on Sundays during the Gregorian calendar (Document 7). Government officials in t he French town of Steenwerck, Picardy, said that people spend less time in the temple celebrating the tenth day and revolutionary festivals as an affront to republicans.This shows that the new calendar was more secular because with the new calendar people began to go to church less (Document 10). The new calendar in revolutionary France, showed how France started to move towards a more secular world. A lot of people agreed with the adoption of the new calendar by revolutionary France for many reasons. Gilbert Romme, head of the calendar reform committee, believed that the church calendar was born among ignorant people. He said â€Å"Time opens a new book for history, and it must use a new pen to record the annals of a regenerated France. What Romme means by this is that since France is going through new times, they need to change the calendar to fit it (Document 2). In â€Å"Instruction Concerning the Era of the Republic and the Division of the Year† which was a decree of th e National Convention, it said that the new calendar will eliminate incoherence and inexactitude. This means that with the new calendar people will be more exact and orderly because of more work days. It also states that the new calendar will show the character of our revolution (Document 5). In the letter to the National Convention from the village of St.Quirin, it says how the people spend their day of rest. In the letter it says that they honor the memory of the generals who have become martyrs and they read aloud the republican accomplishments. The people of the village of Quirin supported the new calendar because they got the tenth day off (Document 6). Many people agreed with the change to the new calendar in revolutionary France because, they thought it was needed since france was going through new times, they also thought the more work days will make people work better, and because some people thought that the tenth day was great.Until the new calendar was abolished by Napol eon I in 1806, it received a lot of criticism. Pierre-Joseph Denis, a former Girondin imprisoned during the Terror and then recalled to the National Convention, wrote in Opinion on the Decades that the new calendar was an act of despotism forced on the people, and the festivals based on it were detestable. Denis is criticizing the new calendar because he thinks that it was unfair that the new calendar was forced upon them (Document 8).Francois-Sebastien Letourneux, Minister of Interior, criticized the new calendar because he thinks that the interval between days of rest is too long. Letourneux said that the artisan and farmer can not work nine days in a row (Document 9). In an article in Gazette de France, it talks about the return to the Gregorian calendar. It says that the new calendar was so weak that when it fell, it didn't even offer us an opportunity to exclaim about the fragility of human things.The article also says that it was sad that the names of the festivals were not no t devoted to the benefactors of humanity, but were devoted to the cabbages, the turnips, and the artichoke (Document 11). Abbe Sieyes wrote in response to the Committee of Public Instruction's proposal for a new calendar, that it is not needed. Sieyes believed that there was no reason to differentiate ourselves from everyone else (Document 3). Many people didn't agree with the idea of the new calendar, which was the reason it only lasted until 1806.The new calendar was adopted in France for many reasons including to have more work days and to get rid of some of the holidays. Some people agreed with the new calendar because they thought that it was needed since France was changing and others agreed with it because they thought that with more work days, people will be more exact and will get more work done. Some people criticized it because they thought that nine straight days of work a week was bad for the farmers and artisans and because the new calendar wasn't needed.

Bible vs. Native American Creation Stories from the Southwestern United States Essay

Bible vs. Native American Creation Stories from the Southwestern United States Human curiosity is shared between both the Biblical creation story and the Native American myths . Both the Bibles account of creation and the Native American myths tell about an intelligent creator that created complicated beings. Creators in both of the stories have a dwelling in the sky. In Genesis, the creator God dwells in heaven. In Native American stories, the creator lives in the sky and is known as the Sky God. However much these two stories have in common, their differences are considerably stronger. One story places human above nature, while the other place animals above humans. The creation of humans is different, and the worlds in which human life began are unalike. The Bible and the Native Americans both value the importance of human life inversely. In the Bible, it is understood that God places the humans above nature,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (53). The Native American myths say that the animals ruled over the humans, because in each myth the animals were the ones that could talk and reason and think for themselves. In the intro to the Native American Stories, it is stated, â€Å"Generally, these creation myths hold that life began below ground and that the first creatures were prehumen, insect-like beings. They developed physically and socially into recognizable ancestors†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (90). The Bible states the importance of human authority, while Native American myths find more intelligent life elsewhere. Additional information that shows how unlike these stories are is how the human form looked when first created. The Native American myths tell of humans that were first created in a form/shape other than what anyone today would expect. The Zuni Emergence Myth says, â€Å"Their hands and feet were webbed and they had tails and no mouths or exits† (93). However, when God created humans he created them in his own image. In Genesis, Chapter one; verse 26, it says, â€Å"Then God said, â€Å"Let us make man in our image† (53). When God created humans, they needed no adjustments. In the myths of the Zuni, Hopi, and Navajo, the humans had to be cut in certain places and certain ways so that they could eat, work, and carry out daily tasks. The prime distinction in the story from the Bible and the myths of the Native Americans is where humans began their existence. In the Bible, God speaks of only one world which is earth. The Bible says, â€Å"God call the dry land Earth. †(52). With the Native American creation myths, all forms of humans began in the first of four worlds. In the Zuni Emergence Myth, â€Å"They were living in the fourth world. † (91). The Hopi Creation Story is similar as well. â€Å"†¦ The Hopi Creation Story represents the first creatures as passing through four worlds†¦ † (94). The Navajo Creation Story is like these two as well, only they fly instead of climbing through the four worlds. It is stated in the Navajo Creation Story, â€Å"Rather than climbing, as in the Zuni story, the Navajo Air-Spirit People fly† (95). When God created humans, they began life in the only one world, while Native American myths have humans go through extensive searches in other worlds before they come to the one they are to live in. The Bible creation story and the Native American myths both give credit to a higher being for their creation. This is probably as close to similar as these two stories come. However much these two stories have in common, the differences are stronger. One story places human above nature, while the other place animals above humans. The creation of humans is different, and the worlds in which human life began are unalike. They follow the same paths just different journeys.

Assessing Factors Of National Security

Assessing Factors Of National Security Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . Assessing Factors Of National Security National security is the necessity to maintain the endurance of the state through the use of political power, the exercise of diplomacy, economic and military. The idea developed mostly in the United States of America after World War II. Originally focusing on military might encompasses a broad range of facets all of which impose on the military or economic security of the nation and the values espoused by the national society. Therefore, in order to possess national security, a nation needs to possess environmental security, economic security and energy security etc. Security threats involve not only conventional foes such as other nation-states but also non-state actors such as violent non-state actors, narcotic cartels, multinational corporations and non-governmental organisations; some authorities include natural disasters and events causing severe environmental damage in this category. Measures taken to ensure national security include: us ing diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation maintaining effective armed forces implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures (including anti-terrorism legislation) ensuring the resilience and redundancy of critical infrastructure using intelligence services to detect and defeat or avoid threats and espionage, and to protect classified information using counterintelligence services or secret police to protect the nation from internal threats Slide 4 – Who defines national security? State/Government/group of elites determines the main objectives of security based on the nation’s sovereignty, integrity of the state and economic prosperity. As the source of political authority, the government defines security, and this definition generally encompasses the broader spectrum of values held dear by the majority. â€Å"Since the future racial peace in this country depends on how well the gove rnment handles the sensitive issues, it is suggested that the NSC shall be the body to look into the matter†. Slide 5 – Scope Slide 6 – Factors Of National Security Slide 7 – Economy Historically, conquest of nations have made conquerors rich through plunder, access to new resources and enlarged trade through controlling of the conquered nations’ economy. In today’s complex system of international trade, ‘ by multi-national agreements, mutual inter-dependence and availability of natural resources etc., the freedom to follow choice of policies to develop a nation’s economy in the manner desired, forms the essence of economic security. Economic security today forms, arguably, as important a part of national security as military security. Slide 8 – Military This is traditionally, the earliest recognised form of national security. Military security implies the capability of a nation to defend itself, and/or deter military aggr ession. Alternatively, military security implies the capability of a nation to enforce its policy choices by use of military force. The term â€Å"military security† is considered synonymous with â€Å"security† in much of its usage. One of the definitions of security given in the Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, may be considered a definition of â€Å"military securityâ€Å": A condition that results from the establishment and maintenance of protective measures that ensure a state of inviolability from hostile acts or influences. Slide 9 – Politic The political aspect of security has been offered by Barry Buzan, Ole Wà ¦ver, Jaap de Wilde as an important component of national security. Political security is about the stability of the social order. Closely allied to military security and societal security, other components proposed in a framework for national security in their book â€Å"Security: a new framework for analysis†, it specifica lly addresses threats to sovereignty. System referent objects are defined, such as nation-states, nations, transnational groups of political importance including tribes, minorities, some religious organisations, systems of states such as the European Union and the United Nations, besides others. Diplomacy, negotiation and other interactions form the means of interacion between the objects.

Political Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Political Leadership - Research Paper Example Shapiro (2007) has also pointed out that administration is a mere part of leadership because relying on administration solely makes a leadership style repetitive, predictable and vulnerable to macro environmental changes. To understand political leadership, one has to understand the multi-causal social processes which create the drive for leadership. Greenstein (2006) has defined political leadership as the subtype of human social leadership. An individual cannot define political leadership or grasp the normative prescriptions of political leadership without enquiring about values, power relations attitudes and action of leaders in cultural-institutional and historical context (Peele, 2005). In the political leadership, both leaders and followers pass through the casual but circular sequence of power exchange and motivation building (Walzer, 2007). However, Peele (2005) has argued that political leadership is a widely experienced phenomenon but understanding about the phenomenon is p retty much tacit in nature. For example, phenomenon such as war between countries, central human rights controversies, Olympic rivalries etc might act as situations which deal with political leadership. One thing is clear from the argument of research scholars that it is very difficult to create a standardized definition of political leadership due to involvement of both institutional and historical contexts. Ruscio (2004) has rightly stated that no political leadership concept is complete without the understanding its role on democratic government. For example, throughout the history of mankind, societies have asked for certain rules and procedures in order to create a practical framework which can represent the interest of democratic society.... This paper stresses that Readers of this research paper might question that why the researcher has not yet provided a concrete definition of political leadership? Well, the fact is that definition of political leadership changes from country to country. For example, a political leader with a sentimental and compassionate is ideal choice in Indian context but the same leader would be viewed as failure in Russian cultural context. According to Vigoda, Elgie and Peele, a political must have characteristics such as, 1- a strong ethical character and personality which can synchronize with ethical-cultural character of subordinates, 2- a constructive agenda for solving a particular problem, 3- interpretive judgment to define a situation to followers and 4- the material or intangible technique to mobilize the support of followers. However, there is no doubt that political leadership has direct connection with military, law authority or ideological leadership hence it will not be wrong to as sume that political leadership is modified version of social leadership. This report makes a conclusion that it is evident from the above discussion that responsibility of a political leader differs along with the political environment of a country. For example, behavior of a democratic political leader significantly differs from an autocratic leader. The researcher is begging pardon of the readers for emphasizing more on democratic aspects of leadership in contrast to other aspects. But, it was a matter of personal choice for the researcher and the researcher believes that democratic political leadership is flexible enough to fit into modern business environment.

State Research Elements that Influence State Government Essay

State Research Elements that Influence State Government - Essay Example Members are encouraged to vote for these state and local leaders presented by the union. Another way they seek to influence state government is through their Political Action Committee called Political Action Committee for Education (PACE). Pace contributions are given separately from union dues. This money is used for lobbying and election contributions. PSEA spent nearly $1,000,000 on lobbying salaries and efforts for FY 2006-2007. Democratic candidates are the main recipients of PSEA member and PACE contributions. Many of these candidates favor increased funding for public schools, blocking voucher programs that would send public money to private schools and merit pay for teachers. These initiatives have been identified as some of the most troubling issues for teachers and PSEA members in Pennsylvania. Traditionally, Democratic candidates have been able to count on PSEA as an ally in most elections in districts where education is an issue. Republicans in Pennsylvania have usually been in opposition to PSEA in every way. The whole concept of unionized public sector employees upsets many Republicans. They often point out the fact that some school districts require all members to pay a portion of dues even if they do not join the PSEA. These sorts of ideological and structural differences between the PSEA and Republican Party have traditionally kept them on opposite sides of legislation that seeks to weaken unions or change rules. The effects of the PSEA on state elections is debatable, especially in a weak economy. Pennsylvania has experienced a record number of teacher furloughs since the economic downturn began in 2008. The localized structure of public education in Pennsylvania weakens the effectiveness of PSEA at the state level as well. Pennsylvania is divided into 501 independent local school districts. Each one of these districts has a school board that oversees local expenses and

Marketing Strategy for the redevelopment of Tottenham Court Road Essay

Marketing Strategy for the redevelopment of Tottenham Court Road - Essay Example tal marketing according to Peattie (1992), who says Green Marketing should mix with any other marketing that a marketing manager would like to focus upon because Green Marketing is â€Å"The management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying the requirements of customers and society, in a profitable and sustainable way.† (p. 11). It is the high priority marketing of our generation. But Lovelock (2000) insists on service marketing, because continuous services are necessary in modern economy. He quotes Albrecht: â€Å"Ours is a service economy and it has been one for some time† (p. 1). Fundamental strategic position of marketing in this context depends on the uncertainty created by present global trend. Such consideration â€Å"†¦has been attributed to the increased uncertainty that businessmen feel these days when they can contemplate the future – what will government intrusion, roaring inflation, or the sudden appearance of competition from abroad do to them next?† Weitz and Wensley (1984, p.1). Strategic Marketing suits here due to the importance and all-encompassing significance of the region involved. It is necessary because of the high level in which marketing is conducted and marketing here is aiming at a very long term commitment from customers. They are built-in spaces and immediate disposal or re-disposal is not possible. In many cases, it could be a life-time commitment with investment and cannot be taken lightly hence, time horizon has to be taken into consideration. â€Å"Strategies last for long periods of time, while tactics have short durations. Strategic plans might have a ten year horizon, in contrast to annual marketing plans that deal primarily with tactical issues,† ibid (p.3). Marketing under these circumstances cannot be abrupt due to its ongoing nature. It will be a long term commitment by my firm and new opportunities or threats to opportunities keep appearing for a long time and it is necessary for the marketing

Assigment #2 Creating youir dream job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assigment #2 Creating youir dream job - Essay Example e increasing technological exposure, every graduate wants to be a part of the successful and drastically boosting Information Technology Organizations. The impacts of technology in our society are so clear that no one can deny the fact that we humans are now totally technologically dependent. Students in the universities are not only choosing this field of science, but they are also pursuing their own research in this particular field. There are several huge companies that are competing in this field. The list is endless from Super Laptops by Dell to the micro-chip designs by the Fabless Company. My dream job is the job of the analyst software engineer in a leading oil and gas company. The combination of the software technology and the oil and gas sector is a rare one, but if we look deep into both fields, the relation gives birth to several new, challenging opportunities. These opportunities will help boost the learning process in both fields simultaneously. The combination of the software technology and the field-based job is fascinating. Normally the software engineers sit in air conditioned offices and pursue designing most of the time. In the field-based job, the engineer will be able to learn and implement the advance theories of information technology in relation to the oil and gas field. The field-based analyst software engineer will be assigned many duties. The job mainly comes under the supervision of the company’s managing director. In some urgent cases the engineer can report directly to the director. The analyst software engineer can have a group of technical trainees. The main responsibility of the analyst software engineer is to invent the technology tactics and several code-based applications that are relevant to the field operation. Challenges: The engineer can face several challenges while working in the field. Some of them can be the automation of the field computers and the development of proper technology infrastructure within the remote

International financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International financial management - Essay Example Foreign exchange market makes it possible for both private and commercial transactions including loans, investments, and foreign trade. The existence of a foreign exchange market is a result of economies employing national currencies rather than a common currency (Kumar, and Mukherjee, 2007; Butcher, 2011). If the world economy was to use a single currency, foreign markets could not be a necessity. The foreign exchange market is exceedingly active, and it is largely an over the counter market. Although the exchanges trade futures and option, a number of transactions are over the counter (Brigham, and Houston, 2009). The future expected spot price is the market's belief about an asset’s spot price in the future (Poniachek, 2012). This leads to a question of whether or not one can use the current forward price to predict the particular future spot price. A number of hypotheses have been in place to try clarifying the relationship between the expected future spot price, and the c urrent forward price (Wang, 2009). In the field of financial economics, there has been intensive examination by researchers on the â€Å"Forward Rate Unbiased Hypothesis† (FRUH), as Kumar (2011) indicates. ... This means that organizations can look upon a future exchange rate that is prevailing today as the spot rate of the future date (Sharan, 2006; Carbaugh, 2011). In the case of an assumption that the forex market is rational or efficient, the spot rate that is common at the future date should be in tandem with the future rate for that date established in the market today. Contrary to this belief, scientific evidence indicates that there are significant variations between the forward market rates and the spot rates (Kumar, 2011). In addition, the studies have not been able to produce any material evidence to prove that forward market rate can predict the future spot rates. Some forecasters hold the believe that foreign exchange markets for the principal floating currencies are efficient, and that forward market rates are an unbiased indicators of the future spot exchange rates. Unbiased prediction implies that the forward exchange rate will, on average, underestimate and overestimate th e actual future spot exchange rate in equivalent degree and frequency. There is a probability that the forward market rate may not be equivalent to the future spot exchange rates. This relationship’s rationale is founded on the assumption that: a) There is a quick reflection of all relevant information in both the forward exchange markets and spot exchange markets b) Instruments that are denominated in the various currencies are perfect alternates for each other c) Operation costs are minimal 3. The future spot rate and the forward rate One can make out the relationship between the forward market rate and the expected future spot rate on the unbiased forward rate theory. This theory claims that the forward exchange rate is the superlative, and a balanced,

Outline the development of global ecotourism over the last 30 years Essay

Outline the development of global ecotourism over the last 30 years. What has fuelled its rise What challenges has it faced - Essay Example This enables subsequent generations to experience regions relatively undisturbed with by human activities. A number of university courses utilize this explanation as the functioning definition of ecotourism. In general, ecotourism contends with the functioning components of the natural habitat. It concentrates on environmental sustainability, socially responsible travel, and personal growth. It characteristically entails travel to areas where cultural heritage, flora, and fauna are the chief attractions (Fennell 1999, p. 7). This paper will look at the objectives and development of global ecotourism over the last 30 years, what has caused its development and the challenges it faces. Objectives Ecotourism is about sustainable travel, uniting communities, and conservation. In addition, ecotourism has a number of objectives. First, it aims to lessen impact; ecotourism is aimed at providing insight to tourists on the effects of human beings activities on the surrounding, and to promote a better awareness of the natural environment thus decreasing effects. Second, it aims at building cultural and environmental respect and awareness. This means that both natives and travellers will have personal development while taking care of the environment. Third, ecotourism intends to give positive experiences for both hosts and visitors through explorations in isolated areas. Fourth, it aims to offer absolute financial advantages for conservation; the money got from the travels will help take care of these regions. Fifth, ecotourism seeks to enhance understanding to environmental, social, and political climate of host nations; travellers have the opportunity to comprehend different cultures and origins. Finally, ecotourism intends to appreciate local culture through gaining knowledge of the different practices (Page & Dowling 2002, p. 26). In general, ecotourism entails processes that lessen the negative components of regular tourism on the habitat and promote the cultural vera city of the native people. Therefore, ecotourism frequently interests advocates of social and environmental responsibility. Development of Ecotourism Ecotourism and additional forms of sustainable travel have their foundations in 1970, with the environmental movement. Individually, ecotourism did not become popular as a travel notion till the end of 1980. During this period, escalating environmental consciousness and an urge to travel to natural areas as opposed to manmade tourist areas made ecotourism attractive. Since that time, a number of organizations focusing in ecotourism have been created and a number of individuals have become ecotourism professionals. In July 1983, Hector Ceballos-Lascurain developed and advanced the expression ecotourism when he was both the president of PRONATURA and the director general of Standards and Technology of SEDUE. PRONATURA was pushing for the preservation of the wetlands in the north part of Yucatan as feeding and breeding areas of the Americ an Flamingo. There is also an assertion that ecotourism was employed in previous times. It is claimed that an adventurer and academic, Claus-Dieter Hetzer, developed the phrase in 1965. It is also argued that he was the first person to run ecotours in the Yucatan region in the early parts of 1970. Moreover, sustainable development, ecotourism, jungle tourism, and responsible tourism have become widespread notions since the middle periods of 1980.

Gender Roles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gender Roles - Essay Example Gender roles These gender roles assumed in childhood were expected to continue to adulthood. The roles are passed from generation to generation though modifications occur such that roles or traits previously associated with males become apparent in females and vice versa. Adults tend to treat boys and girls differently right from infancy. This essay focuses on the gender roles and expectations on male and females in the society. The essay also depicts the different expectations that the society particularly parents have on the gender roles and how these perspectives affect the upbringing of boys and girls. Gender divergence creates a division between boys and girls and it becomes extremely hard to change the perception thus humans end up being categorized into males and females differentiated by their roles. For example, my brother and I were born in Angola. Right from childhood, we received differing attention and treatment. I was treated as if I was too delicate than my brother. Sometimes I wou ld demand for explanations but all I got was that men were supposed to be strong while girls required protection. This is a common phenomenon where most parents tend to shelter girls more than they protect the boy. Girls are appreciated depending on their appearance in terms of tidiness and organization while boys receive appraisal based on their achievements. Such actions persuade boys to be confident, competitive and develop a sense of independence while girls are encouraged to be caring, pleasant, as well as dependent. This results in a society where men are decision makers while women are supposed to go along the decisions. (Lindsey 122-130). Another difference that was eminent when my brother and I were growing up was the different ways in which our rooms were decorated. My room was filled with baby dolls and while my brothers was beautified with wall hangings with aircrafts and machines. My brother also had plenty of toys such as toy guns and cars, which I was not allowed to p lay with. Sometimes, I would disobey the decree and play with my brother’s toy. However, I was greatly ridiculed if met by other girls playing with my brother’s toy and they would refer to me as ‘Tom boy’. Another difference that arises when boys and children are being brought up is the difference in the roles they are accorded. The gender differences that eventually arise between boys and girls are socially built (Lindsey 25-28). Referring to my case, I was expected to help my mother in the household duties such as cleaning dishes. Conversely, my brother was always out playing or assisted the gardener in mowing. The kind of people children develop into is enormously determined by what they watch their parents do or what they are obliged to do. My mother did the house tasks while my father toiled for the family. When I was 12 years old, I told my mother that I was bleeding and she said that was my period. From this time to my 18, she was so worried about m e having sex because I could get pregnant, telling me that am too young to have a boyfriend. I was restricted from going out with boys since my mother feared that they could influence me negatively or impregnate me. On the contrary, my brother was free to go out and have fun with his friends. At the age of fourteen, my brother would come home at eight in the evening and my parents seemed less concerned

Interview and Interrogation Essay Example for Free

Interview and Interrogation Essay Interviews and interrogations should be structured around the investigatory elements of the incident or crime. The need for careful planning and advance preparation cannot be overstated. It is one of the most difficult but most interesting phases of criminal investigation and detection. It is the confrontational battle of wits between the investigator and the suspect. It is a mental combat where the weapon is intelligence and the use of the art. Victory depends upon proper and effective use. The purpose of interrogation on the part of the suspect, it is to extract a confession or admission. On the part of the uncooperative or unwilling witness, it is to extract the information he possesses. While interview a simple and skillful but friendly questioning of a person who is believed to the possessing a knowledge that is official interest to the investigation; for the purpose of obtaining information. In a preliminary interview at a crime scene, officers have extremely limited time for such planning. Consequently, they need to know their priorities in advance. They should obtain as much information as possible, identify and locate the offender (s)and broadcast the information or alert other officers and department about the offense and identity of the offender(s). Officers should not use police terminology when interviewing or interrogating people because it will increase the incriminating atmosphere of the questioning. A polygraph, which literally means â€Å"many writings† scientifically measures and records a subject’s physiological reactions to specific questions in an effort to detect deception. As a polygraph operator asks a series of predetermined questions, changes in the subject’s respiration, depth of breathing, blood pressure, pulse and electrical resistance of the skin are measured and graphed for analysis. According to Paynter (1999). A polygraph might be used to clear suspects; confirm victim, witness and informant statements; or locate evidence. Sometimes used as part of an exploratory exam to further investigate the criminal involvement of someone already in custody for a different offense. In addition , it can help screen applicants for employment, such as police officer candidates, and can be used to monitor the activities of probationers and parolees, who must submit to and pass periodic polygraph exams, as a condition of their sentence. No matter what type of technology is used, the result must always be used as an investigative aid, a supplement to a thorough investigation- never as a substitute for it. Akers, Ronald. 1997. Criminological theories. California: Rexbury Publishing Company. Bartol, C. R. 1985. Criminal behavior. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs. Bonn, Robert. 1984. Criminology. New York: McGraw-Hill Book of Company. Hess, Karen. 2006. Police operations. Singapore: Thomson Learning Manwong, Rommel k. 2006. Fundamentals of criminology. Singapore: Thomson Learning.

The Kent County Councils football Essay Example for Free

The Kent County Councils football Essay This project will be researching many different areas of football. I will begin at the grassroots level, which is primary school, local and junior leagues progressing through county, club and country. The areas included will be funding, incentive schemes, provision for different abilities etc. The local provision of football around my area with the help from my own experiences locally will be compared to the National set-up. Though they are two separate topics they will link together. Review of Literature  In my local area there is large mounts of youth leagues ranging from under 8s competitions upward, the grassroots football. The Kent messenger (KM) newspaper shows the variety of league and cup competition. Youth football in my area ranges from Maidstone Minor Leagues to the Kent League, North, Central and South. The KM and another resource, The Downswood Mail always have advertisements for players to join clubs, or managers that are needed for youth football. The Football Association (FA) consists of the professional and amateur game, with different branches off of it, for example, Kent Football Association. The FA gives you details about coaching schemes and initiatives available to young footballers hoping to progress in the game. The FA also gives details of semi-pro clubs like my club Lordswood who play in the Kent League up to the main, elite premiership clubs. These clubs are local and National clubs to me. Football is getting bigger all the time; a lot of money is pumped through this sport, one example is the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½45 million pounds the FA is giving to grassroots facilities. Though a lot of this money is given and accumulated by the top clubs. Coaching courses are available around my area, such as Andy Fords Soccer School, also larger clubs issue advertisements for when they bring coaches to your area, e.g. Manchester United Coaching Course came to Maidstone, my area, three to four years ago. The Kent County Councils football section shows details of coaching courses available in Kent. SportsAid allocates awards usually between 250 and 500 to young sportspeople aged from approximately 12 -18 years (junior competitors) who have competed with distinction within their respective age group and achieved. This helps to promote sporting excellence and it gives them a better chance of succeeding. Locally there is the Sports and Play Team, which helps in many ways the progress of football in Maidstone. The Sports and Play team will be setting up Football in the Community with local professional and amateur football clubs in order to create more opportunities for young people to engage in positive activity after school and to develop the clubs. The Sports and Play Team are one of the partners in the Active Sports programme and are keen to work with local clubs. Voluntary Club Facility Hire Grant helps to provide the facilities needed to run training sessions and to have a good quality pitch for match days, ranging form hundreds to thousands of pounds and this scheme was also set up by the Sports and Play team. Gillingham Football Club, local pro team, runs many after school and holiday training camps with opportunities for the younger players to help their schools out. The players can win competitions for equipment and small grants for sport in their school.  Discussion  Football as a whole is a growing enterprise in England and around the world. TV money and worldwide football stars show a lot of money is in and around the sport. Local football around my area uses a lot of recreational ground and schools playing fields, so facilities for players are limited. More money needs to be spent on proper catering specifically for football. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½45 million pounds from the FA is going to be invested in pitches and facilities over the next three years from the National Game Scheme. This does help, but it is not enough for national improvement in this sport. Local amateur football gives a good impression of football nationally; this means that more input in the sport is needed. More progress is being made with issues inside football than with actual provisions for the sport. Schemes such as Fair Play, Eliminating Racism From Football and Child Protection Best Practice do not help with local and national provision. These issues should be addressed but equally with factors like facilities and pitches. Maidstone runs a Youth Sport Action Group developing football with the help of coaches, teachers and members of the community. They organise Youth Sport Achievement Awards and the Sports Fair. Conclusion The FA seems to be the main contributor to grassroots all the way up to the national game. More money is needed for County Councils, such as my local county, Kent. I suggest that schemes to improve facilities for amateur clubs are needed to help bridge the gap between amateur and professional clubs because the breach is currently massive. Money will improve players capabilities because of the enhanced equipment, providing the top clubs with better quality players and the players with a better chance of reaching the top clubs. The more money the FA gives to councils and the Government, the more football will prosper and generate money. If local and national grassroots football improves, more money will be generated by itself, which then takes off all the pressure from the Government and the FA in the future. Appraisal There are lots of ways in which the study could be improved. Without a comprehensive study of another Borough or County its hard to tell if my local area equates in a similar way to another. Many figures that I have found only say what money is going to be put in; it would help to find where the money has been spent so far. Many coaching schemes and building enterprises are organised but the popularity and success is not always shown. My area really only has one professional club, Gillingham, regions in and around London for example will have many clubs reasonably close. This means my area is disadvantaged but I would like to find out whether these major clubs to make a big difference to local and national provision.

Theories Of Motivation In High Risk Sports Psychology Essay

Theories Of Motivation In High Risk Sports Psychology Essay Introduction This Chapter will attempt to give the reader a greater understanding of the windsurfing and the definitions and theories of motivation. It will use previous research that has been carried out to examine further some of these theories and observe consistencies and in-consistencies in the area of motivation in sports, outdoor sports and high risk sports. It will then use this information to Purpose of Research Justification Clarification of Terminology Historical Background of Windsurfing In the late 1940s, Newman Darby discovered how to sail a three metre sailboat without using a rudder by leaning the sail towards the fore and aft of the boat. It was not until 1964 that he designed the first universal joint, a component that connects the sail to the board that allows it to move in any direction (http://windsurfingmag.com/how-to/2008/03/26/windsurfing-glossary/). It was not until 1968 that Californian surfer Hoyle Schweitzer and Sailor Jim Drake got together and using Darbys ideas created the first windsurfer. They patented their design and in the 1970s began to produce it widely. It was Darbys concept of the Universal Joint that was at the core of their design that allowed the windsurfer to be steered without a rudder. Initially the windsurfer consisted of only one board which beginners learnt on and experts prevailed on. Everyone used the same kit regardless of the conditions or skill. (http://www.windsurfing-academy.com/information_bank/history/the_history_of_windsurfing.asp). The board was made from polyethylene, was 12 feet (3.5m) long and weighed 60 pounds (27kg) By the late 1970s windsurfing had taken a firm hold of America and Europe with one in every three households in Europe possessing a windsurfer. (http://www.windsurfing-academy.com/information_bank/history/the_history_of_windsurfing.asp, The Windsurfing Movie, 200?) The first world championships for windsurfing was held in 1973 and windsurfing became an Olympic sport for men in 1984 and in 1992 for women. Patent Abstract: Wind-propelled apparatus in which a mast is universally mounted on a craft and supports a boom and sail. Specifically a pair of curved booms are accurately connected athwart the mast and secure the sail there between, the position of the mast and sail being controllable by the user but being substantially free from pivotal restraint in the absence of such control. http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/windsurfing.htm Development of Windsurfing This section will look at how windsurfing has developed both in relation to the equipment designs and the attitudes towards it. It will also look at where windsurfing is today and attempt to predict the direction it may be heading towards. Definitions of Motivation For the purpose of this research it is important to understand what is meant by the term motivation. This section provides several definitions for motivation along with further information to bear in mind about the term motivation The term Motivation is derived from the Latin word movere meaning to move (Onions 1996) cited in (Moran, 2004). The concept of motivation can be defined as The hypothetical construct used to describe the internal and/or external forces that produce the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behaviour (Vallerand Losier 1999) cited in (Vallerand Rousseau, 2001) Motivation can also be defined as being concerned with those factors which initiate or energise behavior (Moran, 2004, p. 38). Sage (1977) cited in (Festeu, 2002) states that motivation is the energizing element of personality which is reflected in individuals direction and intensity of effort. Within the field of sports psychology motivational issues are implicated when a person undertakes a task at which he or she is evaluated or enters into competition with others, or attempts to attain some standard of excellence (Roberts, 2001, p.6) cited in (Moran, 2004, p. 38). Various theories of motivation will be looked at in greater detail within the next chapter Theories of Motivation. According to Roberts (2001) cited in (Moran, 2004), motivation is one of the most misunderstood constructs in sports psychology. Roberts (2001) states there are three reasons for this. Firstly motivation is often confused with arousal. Roberts (2001) states arousal needs to be channeled in a specific direction for motivation to occur. Secondly Roberts (2001) states that motivation cannot be enhanced through positive thinking as commonly believed. Research on goal setting shows peoples objectives have to be controllable and realistic to be effective. Finally some coaches believe that motivation is inherited genetically something which is also contradicted by research which shows motivation can be changed through appropriate instruction. Roberts (2001) cited in (Moran, 2004, p. 39). Arousal Theories of Motivation Introduction This section will look at the various theories of motivation that have been developed over the years. These theories are not all directly relevant to the subject of this research but are necessary to allow a greater understanding of the area and theories, both past and current, of motivation. It will also look at the different types of motivation and the different factors that affect them. It will draw on information from various studies using these theories to attempt to develop a further understanding of these theories and how they are relevant to the areas of said studies. Instinct Theory Most current sports psychology can be traced back to William James (Model, 2005). James (1890) published an article called What is instinct. James suggested that interest plays an essential role towards attention and consequent behaviour. This theory bears many similarities to the Self Determination Theory proposed by Deci Ryan (1985). The Self Determination Theory will be further discussed later in this section. Sigmund Freud (1915) provided one of the earliest theories of motivation reviving James theories. Freud (1915) cited in (Model, 2005) suggested that individuals are passive beings and are moved by instincts, the main two being sex and aggression. Together these formed Freuds (1923) Instinct Theory (Model, 2005), (Vallerand Rousseau, 2001). A major criticism of Freuds theory is that instincts can be hard to identify. Freuds theory also fails to take into account the effect the environment may have on motivation. (Silva III Stevens, 2001). Need Achievement Theory The Need Achievement Theory considers both personality and situational factors as important predictors of behaviour. (Atkimson, 1974) cited in (Festeu, 2002). Personality refers to an individuals drive towards success and avoidance of failure. Murry 1938 Atkimson 1974 festeu(3) Drive Theory Drive Theory is an expansion of Freuds Instinct Theory put forward by Clark Hull (1948). Freuds Instinct Theory was originally named the drive theory but was later re-named. (Model, 2005). Hull concluded that motivational behaviours derive from one of four drives: sex, hunger, thirst and pain avoidance. A drive occurs and provides energy for action Hull (1938) cited in (Model, 2005). Hulls theory creates a link between instincts or drives and behaviour. According to Hulls theory, as these drives occur, such as hunger, we become motivated to reduce these drives to zero in this case by eating. This is the first theory that implies extrinsic motivation. (Model, 2005). Flaws observed within Hulls Drive theory came to light as better understandings of arousal and its effects on people came to light. Arousal will be discussed further in the next chapter Factors That Affect Motivation in Sport. Hulls Drive Theory also did not take into account of the differing levels of motivation between different tasks and individuals. (Silva III Stevens, 2001) Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Self Determination Theory The Self Determination Theory is a model of human motivation that stems from the innate needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness within the environment. It provides an over-riding framework for intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. (Baldwin Caldwell, 2003) The Self Determination theory proposes that these psychological needs and the social environment will determine one of many motivations. Each motivation can have varied effects on our thoughts, behaviours and feelings. These motivations fall along a continuum and are all connected to each other (Deci Ryan, 1985) cited in (Model, 2005) Self Determination Theory (cooke, Fielding).pngCited in (Cooke Fielding, 2010) As the scale above displays, motivation can be divided into six different forms from intrinsic motivation at one end of a scale to extrinsic motivation at the other end (Deci Ryan 1985) cited in (Baldwin Caldwell, 2003). Amotivation refers to no motivation at all. (Baldwin Caldwell, 2003) describe it as a way of describing behavior which is neither regulated or intentional. Extrinsic Motivation Extrinsic motivation refers to engaging in an activity as a means to an end and not for its own sake (Vallerand Fortier, 1998) cited in (Moran, 2004, p. 40). It can be separated into non-internalised and internalised, as displayed in the diagram above. Internalised forms of extrinsic motivation carry some intrinsic factors contributing towards behavior but the primary reasons are still external. External Regulation External regulation is the most extreme form of extrinsic motivation. (Baldwin Caldwell, 2003). This refers to the doing of an activity solely to satisfy external demands such as for a reward or to avoid punishment. Introjected Regulation Introjected regulation is based on self controlled, ego orientated behavior that is usually driven by what others may think. Introjected motivation is not autonomous but rather externally focused behavior usually carried out to avoid guilt of anxiety or to maintain status or feelings of self worth. (Baldwin Caldwell, 2003). Identified Regulation Identified regulation has elements of intrinsic motivation but behavior is undertaken for primarily external reasons. (Baldwin Caldwell, 2003). An example of this is cross-training in sports. Windsurfers may partake in other exercises such as running or cycling not for the enjoyment but to maintain or increase fitness for windsurfing. They may enjoy the running or cycling but this is not their primary reason for participation. Integrated Regulation Integrated regulation is the most autonomous form of extrinsic motivation. A person carries out this behavior because it represents what they stand for. This can be demonstrated amongst volunteers for non-profit organisations. They carry out behavior for external rewards often with little compensation or direct benefit to themselves. Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation refers to peoples reasons for undertaking an activity for itself and the pleasure and satisfaction derived from participation (ibid., p.390) cited in (Moran, 2004, p. 39). This can also be described as the pursuit of an activity that one finds interesting and is engaged in for the inherent satisfaction derived from participation. (Baldwin Caldwell, 2003). Factors that Affect Motivation and Participation in Sports This section will observe the varying factors that encourage or discourage participation in sport or physical activity as a whole. It will draw on information gathered from the previous chapter and relate them directly to sport using research already carried out in the area of motivation in sports (5 buzz junkies) (8 understanding participation in sports) (The Art of Healthy Risk Taking) Motivation in Outdoor Activities This section will attempt to further explore the area of motivation towards the area of outdoor activity. It will explore motivational factors in various areas and various sports that draw from the natural environment to provide a medium to undertake the specific activities. It will also draw on research already carried out in this area to attempt to develop a greater understanding of any consistencies or in-consistencies in this area. Arousal (5 buzz junkies) (The Art of Healthy Risk Taking)(festeu 4) Risk Taking Nature and risk in adventure sports Philosophy, risk adventure sports Is Windsurfing an Extreme Sport? Windsurfing is commonly regarded as an Extreme sport however this term may be misleading. This label was attached to various alternative sports by the media originally in North America in an effort to attract the more lucrative teenage audience. (Dant Wheaton, 2007). The term High Risk is now commonly used by researchers in the field of these sports in place of the term extreme. It can be observed that the majority of windsurfing practised by most windsurfers cannot be described as high risk due to the fairly low risk of injury. (Dant Wheaton, 2007). It is important to remember that the more hazardous conditions attempted by many windsurfers by entering the seas in winds upwards of gale force and large swells still constitutes a high risk environment to enter. With this in mind, windsurfing can only really be described as a high risk sport when undertaken in such adverse conditions that if gear failure or rider error were to occur, self rescue would be close to an impossibility. This section will examine risk taking both real and perceived in the area of motivation and attempt to create an understanding of how this may alter individuals attitudes towards general activities and then specifically high risk sports. (The Art of Healthy Risk Taking) (To the Extremes out of the gene pool) What is even stranger is that some people go beyond being observers and take real risks, and expose themselves to real harm of 2 DANGER one kind or another, and that they do so completely voluntarily. Why do people, of their own free will, participate in such activities as sky diving, mountaineering, bungee-jumping, white-water rafting, big wave surfing, pot-holing, base jumping, cave diving, and hang-gliding? In this respect, it is interesting that new forms of voluntary risk are continually emerging or being invented in different parts of the world, and this seems to have been particularly true in the last decade or so. (Danger quest for excitement) Environment This section will examine how the natural environment can affect attitudes and motivation towards participation in activities. (To the Extremes out of the gene pool) (6 Environmental Factors) Gender Differences in Motivation (5 buzz junkies) (13 where have all the windsurfers gone) Windsurfing as a subculture rather than a sport Windsurfing is part of a group of activities born during the counter-culture movements of the 1960s Midol (1993) cited in (Wilkinson, 2010), (Dant Wheaton, 2007). Other activities in this catagory include skateboarding, snowboarding and the resurgence of surfing. As Belinda Wheaton (2003) Does Windsurfing require a different motivational pattern to other sports? Sport commitment of windsurfers Sports Motivation Scale Free Time Motivational Scale Sport Commitment Model Sport commitment of windsurfers (2) Research Questions

The Garden Party :: Free Essays

Looking at the plot in a garden party The Sheridan family is arranging a Garden Party a beautiful sunny day. In the poorer neighbourhood across the street, a young man gets killed in an accident. When the young girl Laura hears about this, she wants the garden party cancelled to show some respect for the exposed family. Laura speaks with her sister and her mother about cancelling the party, but she is not taken seriously by them. Laura is put into rather tough situation, when both her mother and sister opposes her. She tries to consult with her somewhat older brother, but he draws the attention from the accident to Laura's new enchanting hat. She is greatly flattered. Laura tries to repress the accident, by saying to herself that she would think of it after the party. She tries to enjoy herself, but you can sense that she 'enjoyed herself'; with a rather bad conscious, probably thinking, 'What have I done? Why didn't I stop the party? What will the family of the killed man think?'; After the party there are some leftovers. Mrs Sheridan suggests that they can give the exposed family some food to show some sympathy. Laura isn't sure if this is the right thing to do, but she gets the task to give the basket filled with sandwiches to the poor family. Laura isn't certain if the poor family will appreciate the gift. When walking to the house, she is afraid of their reaction. This isn't something she is used to do. She hasn't been in touch with people in poverty before. What will they think? A well dressed upper class girl, coming to their house and thinks that a basket of sandwiches will replace a dead husband? But she continues her walk to the house. She meets with the young widow, and her dead husband. Laura looks at the young man and understands that he didn't care about the garden party or the load music that it caused.

The North American Continent :: History

The North American Continent There is tremendous difference in the way the native Indians used to live off the land and the way American Settlers are destroying the land even as we speak for the purpose of profit. The author of this story is trying to convey the damage and destruction wrought on by the Europeans in the relatively few years of habitation of the lands of America. The difference is not only cultural but also spiritual. While Native Indians viewed the land on which they lived as sacred, the European settlers arrived with the aim of exploitation, not only of the land but also of the native people. When you think about the creation the continents, beginning with Pangaea, how the landscape must have been very beautiful in its most natural setting. Imagine the great mountain ranges and the incredible forests and natural hillsides and plains and prairies that make up the countryside. It must have been breathtaking to be able to see the landscape of present day America in its natural state. As the water table began to recede, the first humans began to cross the Bering Straight to inhabit North America and South America. Travel to South America was made possible thought the Isthmus of Panama. Only now are we beginning to appreciate what the Native Indians were trying to convey to us. Native Indians have been living off the land and had not desire for industry or great wealth. They did not have a significant impact on the landscape. Europeans consumed the land away from the Indians starting with gold and silver. Vegetables such as potatoes and squash and tomatoes found their way back to Europe as did plants for medicines. Some of the more impressive aspects of the native Indians were the creation of many languages and many cultures. They expressed their creativity in their poetry and dance and rituals and ceremonies. Some rituals could last for days. The first Europeans had to be amazed to witness the exotic rituals that had never been seen before. Some Indians had tried diplomatic approaches to the intruding Europeans. One had formally spoken to the United States senate and another had negotiated with the French and the British. The significance is that the Indians lived off the land where there is no industry, no air pollution, no water pollution, and no deforestation. On the contrary, the Europeans came to establish colonies for the purpose of exploiting the land and people too.

Will the Euro Survive? Essay -- European Union, Greek Crisis

"Europe must prevent Greece from becoming an out-and-out catastrophe and make sure that the same fiscal 'remedy' is not applied to other weak economies" -- Franziska Brantner The brutality of the World War II and the anguish of the Cold War enforced nations in Europe to establish the European Union for peace and unity in the region. With ratification of the Maastricht Treaty by members of the European Community in 1993, an economic and political union; the European Union is formed. In December 2012, the European Union awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for its â€Å"historical accomplishments†. Nevertheless, the member states of the European Union are still facing the crisis that started in the Eurozone since 2009. One of the major causes of the crisis is the common currency – the euro which has weak structural formation. The creation of a currency, the euro, is one of the major parts of the European Union. The German Chancellor Gerhard SchrÃâ€"der said in a speech in 1999 that â€Å"The introduction of the euro is probably the most important integrating step since the beginning of the unification process.†(Yeager, 30) Therefore, in this essay I would like to study the history of creation of the euro, lessons that the European Union draws from the euro crisis and analyze the future predictions of specialists about the euro. I will use the publication â€Å"Economic and monetary union and the euro† by the European Commission as the main source and other credible sources about the euro in my paper. Since the start of the European Coal and Steel Community with the Treaty of Paris in 1950s, the leaders of the European Community have higher ambition to create the new â€Å"common currency†. Politicians rather than economists pushed for it, and the idea is... ...urrent crisis, the future of unified European Union is higher. Works Cited European Commission. Economic and monetary union and the euro. Publications. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union, 2012. Document. Grauwe, Paul De. "The Political Economy of the Euro." The Annual Review of Political Science (2013): 153-170. Academic Search Complete. Schwartz, Pedro. "Why The Euro Failed And How It Will Survive." Cato Journal (2013): 521-534. Academic Search Complete. Schwarzer, Daniela. "Crisis and Reform in the Euro Area." Current History (2013): 83-87. Academic Search Complete. Witte, Mark Dawson and Floris de. "Constitutional Balance in the EU after the Euro-Crisis." The Modern Law Review (2013): 817-844. Academic Search Complete. Yeager, Leland B. "The Euro Facing Other Moneys." Cato Journal (2004): 27-40. Academic Search Complete.

Community Partnership

|Community Partnership | No one can deny the importance of the role of humanity partnership. Everyone in this community have to participate in education. Since we live in the age of globalization, the education has become a must in the shelter of modernism and deep-rooted heritage. This will be an expression of the genuine Egyptian society and character as well. There are many factors tat can affect the educational system in a given community, amongst we have †¢ The teacher: He is considered the corner-stone of the process.He is the bearer of the prophets' treatise and the generation creator. In addition, he is the hope of the nation in bringing up a promising generation able to achieve its target within a bright future with exertion and endowment. There should be healthy, culture, social and professional welfare for the teacher. Teacher should contact with students, other teachers, and with the community out side the school. This will help him fulfill his national duty and go on well towards achieving noble targets. The student (the raw material): the promising student should be creatively manipulated. He is required to be participant not recipient, communicative not fanatic, alert not subtle. The community is in need of a student who can affect and be affected by the environment. Along with the global trait prevailing nowadays, there is no room for a flabby student. †¢ The parents (sponsors): generally speaking, the parental role can't be done away with. This role can be extended to be supervisory, financial or supplementary in decision making.Parents also can give a hand in pastoral care at school. Their proposals should be taken into consideration. There are also some sub-factors within the frame of community partnership such as; the educational institution, the environment, potential, curriculum, self –autonomy, etc. To around up, if the elements mentioned above are collaborated, we can reach a promising entity of the educational process. Community partnership is calling for decentralization in education which, in turn, is a mainstay of national security and orientation for what is better.

African Americans health disparities Essay

In 2011, the diagnosis rate for HIV cases in the United States was 15. 8 per 100,000 population and 60. 4 among Blacks. Of 197,090 diagnoses of HIV-infection from 2008- 2011, Blacks/African Americans accounted for: ?47% OF THE TOTAL ?64% OF WOMEN ?66% OF INFECTIONS ATTRIBUTED TO HETEROSEXUAL CONTACT ?67% OF CHILDREN, AGES < 13 In 2010, the death rate for blacks was higher (25. 0 per 100,000) compared with any other racial ethnicity group (3. 0 whites). Blacks represented 49% of all deaths with HIV in 2010. A recent study showed that blacks diagnosed with HIV are less likely than other groups to be linked to care, retained in care, receive antiretroviral treatment and achieve adequate viral suppression. African American Males African American men accounted for 42% of HIV cases diagnosed among men in 2011. A majority (72%) of African American men with HIV contracted the disease by male to male contact while 19% contracted HIV through heterosexual exposure. African American Females Among African American women, high risk heterosexual contact was the most frequently cited mode of transmission, accounting for 89% of cases diagnosed in 2011. More Information: ?HIV/AIDS TOPIC SITE ?HIV/AIDS AND AFRICAN AMERICANS ?HIV/AIDS STATISTICS AND SURVEILLANCE Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Gonorrhea In 2010, 69% of all reported cases of gonorrhea occurred among blacks. The rate of gonorrhea among blacks in 2010 was 432. 5 cases per 100,000 population, which was 18. 7 times the rate among whites (23. 1). This disparity has changed little in recent years. This disparity was larger for black men (22.2 times) than for black women (16. 2 times). Chlamydia In 2010, the overall rate among blacks in the United States was 1,167. 5 cases per 100,000, a 4. 0% increase from the 2009 rate of 1,122. 2 cases per 100,000. The rate of chlamydia among black women was over seven times the rate among white women (1,536. 5 and 205. 1 per 100,000 women, respectively). The chlamydia rate among black men was almost 11 times the rate among white men (761. 8 and 69. 9 cases per 100,000 men, respectively). Syphilis.

Energy Policy in Canada

Each day millions of tons of fossil fuels are being consumed by the world. As most people already energy is the basis of industrial civilization; without energy, modern life would cease to exist. Presently, fossil fuels make up a large portion of present day energy sources. Canada, one of the world's largest industrialized nations uses an abundance energy to support its ever growing society. However, the population of Canada is slowly growing each day and with that the closer demise of fossil fuels. For this reason Canada has implemented an energy policy which in turn is to establish guidelines and standards. In Canada, natural resource ownership is largely controlled by the various national provinces, which are allowed to legislate in the areas of resource development, production control, taxation, and resource extraction. Provincial governments have major responsibility for both the management of resources and environmental protection within their boundaries. The provinces are assisted in varying degrees by private companies in the exploration, development and distribution of natural resources. Because so much of Canadian energy policy lies outside of federal jurisdiction, strategic partnerships and linkages among provinces themselves and between provinces and the government are very important. In many cases, these take the form of shared commitments to provincial and territorial energy programs, building codes, environmental goals, and efficiency targets. However, the government's resolve n environmental issues is still being questioned, however, due to a sharp debate over the matter of legislative versus voluntary measures on climate change For this reason it can be stated that Canada's energy policy has some good policies but is still greatly flawed. Moreover, it is essential that alternatives to hazardous fossil fuels are found and efficiently implemented before the demise of fossil fuels is soon a reality. Also it is imperative that people of the world learn to conserve and prevent further abuse of fossil fuels.

Lal Bahadur Shastri

Achievements: Played a leading role in Indian freedom struggle; became Parliamentary Secretary of Pandit Govind Vallabh Pant, the then chief minister of Uttar Pradesh; became the Minister of Police and Transport in Pant's Cabinet; appointed as the Railways and Transport Minister in the Central Cabinet; also held the portfolios of Transport & Communications, Commerce and Industry, and Home Ministry in the Central cabinet; became Prime Minister of India in 1964; led India to victory over Pakistan in 1965 war. Lal Bahadur Shastri was the second Prime Minister of independent India. Though diminutive in physical stature he was a man of great courage and will. He successfully led country during the 1965 war with Pakistan. To mobilize the support of country during the war he coined the slogan of â€Å"Jai Jawan Jai Kisan†. Lal Bahadur Sastri also played a key role in India's freedom struggle. He led his life with great simplicity and honesty and was a great source of inspiration for all the countrymen. Lal Bahadur Shastri was born on October 2, 1904 at Mughalsarai, Uttar Pradesh. His parents were Sharada Prasad and Ramdulari Devi. Lal Bahadur's surname was Srivastava but he dropped it as he did not want to indicate his caste. Lal Bahadur's father was a school teacher and later on he became a clerk in the Revenue Office at Allahabad. Though Sharada Prasad was poor, he lived a life of honesty and integrity. Lal Bahadur lost his father when he was only one. Ramdulari Devi raised Lal Bahadur and her two daughters at her father's house. There is a very famous incident regarding Lal Bahadur Shastri's childhood which took place when he was six years old. One day, while returning from school, Lal Bahadur and his friends went to an orchard that was on the way to home. Lal Bahadur Shastri was standing below while his friends climbed the trees to pluck mangoes. Meanwhile, the gardener came and caught hold of Lalbahadur Shastri. He scolded Lal Bahadur Shastri and started beating him. Lal Bahadur Shastri pleaded to gardener to leave him as he was orphan. Taking pity on Lal Bahadur, the gardener said, â€Å"Because you are an orphan, it is all the more important that you must learn better behavior.† These words left a deep imprint on Lal Bahadur Shastri and he swore to behave better in the future. Lal Bahadur stayed at his grandfather's house till he was ten. By that time he had passed the sixth standard examination. He went to Varanasi for higher education. In 1921 when Mahatma Gandhi launched the non-cooperation movement against British Government, Lal Bahadur Shastri, was only seventeen years old. When Mahatma Gandhi gave a call to the youth to come out of Government schools and colleges, offices and courts and to sacrifice everything for the sake of freedom, Lal Bahadur came out of his school. Though his mother and relatives advised him not to do so, he was firm in his decision. Lal Bahadur was arrested during the Non-cooperation movement but as he was too young he was let off. After his release Lal Bahadur joined Kashi Vidya Peeth and for four years he studied philosophy. In 1926, Lal Bahadur earned the degree of â€Å"Shastri† After leaving Kashi Vidya Peeth, Lal Bahadur Shastri joined â€Å"The Servants of the People Society†, which Lala Lajpat Rai had started in 1921. The aim of the Society was to train youths that were prepared to dedicate their lives in the service of the country. In 1927, Lal Bahadur Shastri married Lalitha Devi. The marriage ceremony was very simple and Shastriji took only a charkha (spinning wheel) and few yards of Khadi in dowry. In 1930, Gandhiji gave the call for Civil Disobedience Movement. Lal Bahadur Shastri joined the movement and encouraged people not to pay land revenue and taxes to the government. He was arrested and put in jail for two and a half years. In jail Shastriji became familiar with the works of western philosophers, revolutionaries and social reformers. Lal Bahadur Shastri had great self respect. Once when he was in prison, one of his daughters fell seriously ill. The officers agreed to release him out for a short time but on condition that he should agree in writing not to take part in the freedom ‘movement during this period. Lal Bahadur did not wish to participate in the freedom movement during his temporary release from prison; but he said that he would not give it in writing. He thought that it was against his self-respect to give it in writing. After Second World War started in 1939, Congress launched â€Å"Individual Satyagraha† in 1940 to demand freedom. Lal Bahadur Shastri was arrested during Individual Satyagraha and released after one year. On August 8, 1942, Gandhiji gave the call for Quit India Movement. Lal Bahadur actively participated in the movement. He went underground but was later arrested. Lal Bahadur Shastri was released in 1945 along with other major leaders. He earned the praise of Pandit Govind Vallabh Pant by his hard work during the 1946 provincial elections. Lal Bahadur's administrative ability and organization skills came to the fore during this time. When Govind Vallabh Pant became the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, he appointed Lal Bahadur Shastri as his Parliamentary Secretary. In 1947, Lal Bahadur Shastri became the Minister of Police and Transport in Pant's Cabinet. Lal Bahadur Sastri was the General Secretary of the Congress Party when the first general elections were held after India became Republic. Congress Party returned to power with a huge majority. In 1952, Jawahar Lal Nehru appointed Lal Bahadur Shastri as the Railways and Transport Minister in the Central Cabinet. Lal Bahadur Shastri's contribution in providing more facilities to travelers in third class compartments cannot be forgotten. He reduced the vast disparity between the first class and third class in the Railways. Lal Bahadur Shastri resigned from Railways in 1956, owning moral responsibility for a railway accident. Jawaharlal Nehru tried to persuade Shastriji but Lal Bahadur Shastri refused to budge from his stand. By his action Lal Bahadur Shastri set new standards of morality in public life. In the next general elections when Congress returned to power, Lal Bahadur Shastri became the Minister for Transport and Communications and later the Minister for Commerce and Industry. He became the Home Minister in 1961, after the death of Govind Vallabh Pant. In the 1962 India-China war Shastriji played a key role in maintaining internal security of the country.

Human Resource Management; Challenges and Changes Essay

Human Resource Management; Challenges and Changes - Essay Example This is an HR challenge that one perceives because it keeps him out of touch with his family and makes him feel alienated from his immediate social and family circles. Alan cannot be with his family whenever he needs to be, which is indeed something that does not go down well of his association to the organization (Werling 2005). One can be certain that other employees feel the same way but do not express such feelings as they are bound to remain tight-lipped on their feelings, emotions and sentiments within the realms of the workplace. One can believe that finding an immediate solution to this anomaly by the HR is something that will go down well with a number of employees. It will give all of them a room to feel relaxed, so that they can give their best as far as their work manifestations are concerned. HR challenges like these pose as serious threats for the new entrants within any

Current U.S and Indonesian Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current U.S and Indonesian Economics - Essay Example which lowered their money reserves making it more expensive to gain access to capital because the rating agencies downgrade bonds issued by countries in the Indonesians region. Dependency theory is the economic explanation of a nation in terms of cultural, economic, and political factors. These affect the economic polities the government implements. Cultures respect historical results and in economic unstable countries that the phenomenon last for a long time the people rebel against the state. Civil war is not accepted in the United Nations and they must intervene to end these types of conflicts immediately. Participatory development produces more quality food at a lower price than in the past due to developments in research and developments and genetic engineering agricultural. A difference between these two philosophies is control. Conditionality is associated with the economic policies established by the International Monetary Fund also often referred too as the World Bank. Some emerging economies believe that the economic policies of the World Bank are unfair and that they give preferential treatment to developed countries. The loans are given out, but conditionality is included so that the loans are used for a specific purpose. Community development often fails due to conflict and discrepancies in expectations. Sometimes the demands of certain interest groups are not unreasonable and the government cannot accommodate their demands due to economic constraints. Other reasons why community development programs fail is due to a lack of money. It takes money to pay for rent of community centers and to provide other types of services. 6) Some people are saying that recent and on-going demonstration called "occupy Wall Street" has become a "social movement" similar to some in the "Arab Spring" social movements of this past year. What do you think of this claim? Occupy Wall Street is a movement that supports of the country with New York and All Street being the

Key concepts in science -see tasks attached Essay

Key concepts in science -see tasks attached - Essay Example Therefore, there was a need to have standard units of measurement to be used conventionally, especially that the world is becoming global. In a global village there is need of communication across-cultures for ease of communication in commerce and science, the driving engines of globalization. This means that there was need to harmonize units of measurement to enable coordination between the different disciplines in the world (Barry 797). This metric system is useful in several ways. It gives a standardized way of making measurements (using standardized units of measurement globally). It bring together various organization on the international scene to forge a common definitions for SI and set rules that govern writing and presentation of measurement in a universally accepted standard way. As already mentioned this development eases coordination between the several disciplines especially in commerce and science. Other advantages of the SI units include: global adoption (they have been adopted globally) and provides a universal framework for developments and research in measurements. In this system a power tong assembly in which a safety latch mechanism consists of a power portion equipped with two side connections of outlet, one that is linked to a control portion for controlling the cross section opening of the side connection of the tank. The power portion has a control element within the kind of a piston-shaped body value with equal magnitude surfaces on both subject end faces to the working medium pressure and with an opening running in the valve body movement direction. This opening has a conical expansion of its end of inlet flow. This blocks the direct link of the supply with tank return. Pressure and force interaction can be observed in the description of this system. In one type of control a lever valve within the unit is put

The Importance of Being Earnest, Oscar Wilde honest relationships in Essay

The Importance of Being Earnest, Oscar Wilde honest relationships in the play - Essay Example Honesty was lacking in the social system and as Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest shows us, the lack of honesty even extended to the portrayed relationships between individuals which is evident in reworked versions of the play today (Feingold. 2004). Wilde attained popularity and notoriety because of his works and the manner in which he lived his life. However, his plays contained a lot more than simple comedy since they can also be viewed as social commentary (Ellmann, 1988). The biting tone presented in The Importance of Being Earnest only highlights the idea that while individuals seek to be honest and even present themselves as being honest and upright, the honesty exists in name only and not in spirit (Chafe, 2008). Perhaps that is exactly what society demanded of the characters that is they should appear to be earnest and honest while doing nothing which actually showed that were exactly so in reality. The Importance of Being Earnest gives us a satirical look at how characters can create elaborate deceptions to try and fool others. The deception even extends to how the characters relate to each other within the power structures defined by society where the man is supposed to be dominant and the woman is supposed to be subservient. However, dominant women can overturn the relationships and the social hierarchy as done by Lady Bracknell (Costa, 2008). While the rules are meant to be obeyed, they can be bent and altered by individuals in the same manner that the entire society is doing on a larger scale (Hawkins, 2006). For example, Jack is interviewed by Lady Bracknell but this interview was a role that had traditionally been reserved for the father in the Victorian age which is noted by Styan and Gentleman (1975, Pg. 44) as being â€Å"an extreme contrast well suited to the quality of farcical comedy found in this play†. Even Jack himself wishes to present the

Markting plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Markting plan - Assignment Example The plan will examine the external environment in which the organization is operating. After analyzing the environmental issues, internal strengths and external opportunities of the organization will be indentified depending on which the organization will be able to overcome its intrinsic weaknesses and underlying environmental threats. Marketing objectives will be formulated for the newly established business and accordingly marketing strategies will be selected so that the strategies can drive the organization towards achieving the pre-determined objectives. Once the strategies are formulated aligning with the organizational objectives, close supervision and monitoring should be exercised in order to ensure successful execution of the strategies incorporated. In this process, time to time review of the implementation process should also be done for assessing to what extend the policies are supporting the organization to meet its fundamental business objectives. Such evaluation will help the retailer to control those factors that are suspected to be reason behind the retail business to deviate from its elementary business goals. A comprehensive marketing plan is important in any industry before commencement of a new business or expanding in the existing industry segment or business line. Understanding the enormous growth potential in the retail industry, a small retailer is planning for business expansion in this industry segment (Blackwell 275). The retailer, though small in size at present, is expecting to establish a high end superstore with minimum human interaction, supported by superior technologies such as interactive interface, automatic locating of products, self-serve scanning and automatic checkout. Therefore, he is aware of the importance of preparing business plan well in advance. The paper will outline a blueprint of marketing plan for the retail superstore taking into account each

Com class- Blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Com class- Blog - Essay Example This is an important reminder of how communication from individual to individual can be felt even through a recording. Communication is very powerful and wonderfully shown through the voice of slaves. The culture of the African American who has experienced such slavery is full of much hurt and pride. The listener can understand the hurt and frustration that these slaves had to experience. A sense of pride is also noticed because the African Americans seem to be proud that they have come such a long way. The language used by the slaves is the English Language. Although the language is English, the slaves have a slang that is used and makes it hard to make out at times. The language is perceived to be broken English. After reviewing some of the voices and the folklore songs it was important to develop recognition of the way the African American culture speaks and refers to things. This deciphering of language is used by many without recognition that one is even doing it. Language is wh at allows the listener to comprehend what is being projected by the African Americans. â€Å"Language is the primary means people use to communicate with one another† (Words and Meaning). This form of language through music such as folklore is common in many cultures. The folklore music presented by the African American slaves is like a story told in a different language.

Cause and Effect Essay of diabetes Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cause and Effect of diabetes - Essay Example ts in insulin secretion, insulin action or both, which translates to long term damage and dysfunction of various organs of the body (Nayak and Roberts). Within the pancreas, the Islets of Langerhans are responsible for secretion of insulin, which acts to regulate of blood glucose levels. In persons with diabetes, normal insulin function is impaired where it can be produced in insufficient quantities or is produced defectively. This further classifies diabetes mellitus into Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes accounts for about 3-5% of all diabetes in the world and is more common in children and young adults but can occur at any age (International Diabetes Federation 6). Type 1 diabetes presents as an autoimmune disease where insulin producing cells within the pancreas are destroyed, and the patients are always dependent on insulin injections for survival. The destruction of Islets of Langerhans within the pancreas impair the ability to produce insulin adequately thus affecting the process of glucose regulation negatively. Such destruction may be facilitated by the presence of external factors such as viral infections, which may alter the orientation of the host immune system. On the hand, Type 2 diabetes accounts for about 90% of all diabetes cases globally, occurring among the middle-aged and older people. In this condition, the body either does not make enough insulin or does not respond well as it ought to the insulin produced and can be controlled by keeping blood glucose levels within the range through diet and exercises. In this regard, Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance, which implies that the body cannot effectively utilize the insulin produced no matter its quantity. As a result, glucose cannot be transported from the blood to the cells, which encourages excess blood glucose, which makes it difficult for the body to maintain normal glucose levels in the blood. Obesity, which is associated with insulin resistance, has been described

What is Wisdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is Wisdom - Essay Example So what is wisdom? What are characteristics of wise person? Who is a wise person? Scholars have defined the term ‘wisdom’ differently. Sometimes it is regarded as the more developed and sophisticated form of common sense. It is believed that wisdom can be developed by experience. Some others consider it as the ability to predict consequences and acting for the common good. A standard accepted definition of Wisdom is the ability to make right choices without having complete information. Robert M May says â€Å"the Wise Men and Wise Women of history knew that we must turn to faculties beyond those of sense and reason in dealing with questions of wholes and values. Feeling and intuition are as important faculties of the psyche as are sensation and intellect, if not more so.† (May, 2004). Dr. Robert Sternberg, a professor of Psychology and Education at Yale University, defines wisdom as â€Å"the application of intelligence and experience as mediated by values toward the achievement of a common good through a balance among intrapersonal, interper sonal, and extra personal interests, over the short and long terms, to achieve a balance among adaptation to existing environments, shaping of existing environments, and selection of new environments.† (Sternberg). This definition of wisdom contains three important points such as placement of values within wisdom, importance of action and wisdom’s drive towards balance. Thus, wisdom becomes the ability to discern the truth. â€Å"He, O men, is the wisest who, like Socrates, knows that his wisdom is in truth worth nothing.† In the context of above quotation, some may argue that in a practical sense wisdom, or what it makes a persons be, fetches nothing. Socrates, for his being wise achieved nothing. He was condemned, deprived of his freedom. He was tried by a jury which is appointed by a majority of the citizens. Were all those citizens wise? Not many will agree. It

United States History Essay Example for Free

United States History Essay The political, economic and social background of English colonialism during the period of 1603-1763 in North America envisions the great thought of European period of exploration because of its ever-forgotten influence in the New World. In early sixteenth century, many colonies were established in North America and among them the Southern and Central areas of English settlement were discovered to benefit more profit from their landlords of English kingdom. As the colonies maintained the international plan of trade extraction, they have close allegiance with indigenous population. The importance of changing economic and political relationships between the Indians and Englishmen seemed to be an essential issue in the history of North America. It created a sensation to develop the growth of awareness in both Whites and Indians because of their business contacts. To protect themselves and to maintain the business of commercial extractions and to maintain the freedom of religious beliefs, the colonies were established a democratic government during their ruling time period in England. Because of close contact with indigenous population of North America, colonists were faced with varied set of societies who were fundamentally different from the societies in Europe. Most of the colonists treated the native people as ferocious and envisioned them as an icon to structure the society. In a work, The Rediscovery of North America (1990), Lopez says, †¦ the physical destruction of a local landscape to increase the wealth of people who dont live there, or to supply materials to buyers in distant places who will never know the destruction that process leaves behind . The main feature that resulted by English colonization was massive immigration, which brought out the concept of multiculturalism. Broadly speaking, colonialism forms the economic and political strategies of domination with the principles self-government over the population. The other essential feature of English colonization in North America in the period of 1607-1763 was the European global expansionism, which was treated in late fifteenth century with an emphasis on English expansionism in North America. Basically, the European immigration to the America had been studied in histories, diaries and classics. The main purpose of European immigration to America may be to get freedom from religious discrimination and to develop economic strategy. The negative aspect, by the European settlers when entered the America during fifteenth century was lose of population by dreadful diseases like small pox, measles. Because of this reason, European settlement drastically reduced the North America population. As the colonists brought a wide range of deadly diseases from European cities and spread in North America, most of the people of North America were suffered, as they had no immunity to protect from dreadful diseases. Because of the European settlement, the North America faced many critical situations by colonization. Thus the struggle between European imperial powers and the social, economic, and political issues of late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in North America were remained as the memorable milestone in American history. On the other side, the invasion of European global expansionism brought out the Western civilization in the New World, by the introduction of four major common languages. 1) English 2) Spanish 3) Portuguese 4) French. The colonies introduced many European concepts to the Americas such as European written form of communication, their form of government, and European technological knowledge of science, medicine and art to develop the world to a great extent. Hence the English colonization in North America was placed a dynamic position into the global political economy in the period 1603-1763 and became as a source of narrative to many authors to portray the ever last moment of American history. References: Lopez, Barry. The Rediscovery of North America. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990. Marx, Leo. The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral ideal in America . New York: Oxford University Press, 1964. McCall, Barbara. The European Invasion. (Native American Culture. Jordan E. Kerber, series editor. ) Rourke Publications, Inc. , 1994. Roger L. Nichols. The American Indian: Past and Present, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill, 1992. Wood, Marion. DOttavi, Francesca, illus. Myths and Civilization of the Native Americans. Peter Bedrick Books, 1998.

Discuss the training requirements for Higher Level Teaching Assistants Essay Example for Free

Discuss the training requirements for Higher Level Teaching Assistants Essay Higher level teaching assistants (HLTAs) have an increased level of responsibility. They usually undertake more complex tasks and tend to work more independently than other classroom-based staff. Under the direction of a teacher, they often plan, prepare and deliver learning activities to individual pupils, groups and (in the short term) whole classes. They also assess, record and report on pupils progress. They act as a special assistant for a specific subject (f.e. literacy, ICT, sign language), group (young children, teenagers, special needs, gifted and talented) or department and help develop support materials. In order to do this effectively, the HLTA must understand the aims, content, teaching strategies and intended outcomes. They likewise need to have a solid knowledge of the curriculum to make sure they teach to a high standard as well as a diverse portfolio of learning strategies and styles to enable each pupil to fulfil their potential. HLTAs should always have high expectations of all their pupils and respect them whatever their background (be it cultural, social, religious, linguistic or ethnic). It is expected that they support the inclusion of all pupils in the learning activities in which they are involved. HLTAs should also be able to work collaboratively with their colleagues and to liaise sensitively with parents and carers, acknowledging their role in pupils’ learning. HLTAs should be aware of the legal framework underpinning teaching and learning and although not required to have a detailed knowledge of it, HLTAs should be aware of their statutory responsibilities and where to gain information, support and assistance when and if they need it.  They should be familiar with their school policies and procedures, f.e. equal opportunities policy or procedures for health and safety. They should know the legal definition of Special Educational Needs and be familiar with the guidance about meeting SEN given in the SEN Code of Practice. HLTA are also required to achieve a nationally recognised qualification at level 2 or above in English / literacy and maths / numeracy to demonstrate that they are confident in these subjects and in teaching them to others. It is also required that HLTAs have a sound knowledge of ICT to advance their pupils’ learning and to be able to use ICT tools for their own as well as the pupils’ benefit. The term ICT i s wide-ranging and includes internet, interactive whiteboards, cameras, printers, scanners, video and DVD. HLTAs should be familiar with age-related expectations of students, including being able to discuss development stages form birth to teenager including speech and language stages. To become an HLTA, the candidate must demonstrate that he / she has the skills, knowledge and experience to take on the role and that he / she is familiar and understands all 33 nationally agreed professional standards. Furthermore, he / she should also have previous experience of working with children of a relevant age. Last but not least, each candidate needs to have a recent enhanced DBS check done to comply with the UK legal requirements.