Applying Theory To Practice Problem Nursing Essay

Applying Theory To Practice Problem Nursing Essay This paper focuses on use of Betty Neuman systems Model in practice using a case study. The model focuses to finding a solution for a patient is none compliance with his care at home after being discharged. This case is a case that involves a patent who is discharged from hospital after treatment for a cognitive heart failure. The patient none compliance involves the continuing with the habit of smoking. This habit results chest pains which are because of the smoking habits. This model is selected for the practice to reflect the congruency that exists between the practitioners values and the assumptions of the model. The Neuman model perceived clients as being in a state of dynamic equilibrium with the environment. The environment is also considered a perceptual field that surrounds each person. Neumann has focused on the stress factors and the reaction of each person to the condition that bring about the stress. She brought forth the conviction that stress factors comprise the environment. The further argued that the disequilibrium in the body system that is caused the stress as a tension. This tension act as the stimuli, which has the potential of causing the illness to the individual that, is suffering from the stress. The environment is subdivided into two components that include the internal and external factor. The internal factors comprises of the forces that occur within an individual or intrapersonal stress factor. In our case, the example is smoking which the patient is involved in after being discharged. The external environment consists of interpersonal stress factors that result from interaction with other individuals. This is in terms of changes in the roles that can bring about stress to an individual. The physiological issues in patient perspective involve things like the ability to see, hear, and have mobility. There other things like the ability to breath, sleeping, feeling, eating, speaking, and the vital signs. This variable focuses on the physiological well being of the patient. By ensuring, that all this things are in appropriate in the patient the health can be guaranteed the way for them. The psychological variables involve the non-verbal behavior, attitudes, coping pattern, and response to stress. These things focus on the psychological status of the patient. Therefore, by ensuring that the patient psychological status is appropriate one can be able to facilitate the things that ensure the well-being of the patient is considered. There are various expectations in this variable that are recognized through evaluation of the patients behaviors and the way the patient handle stress. The social variable reflects much on the individuals values and culture. This is by exploring the social and cultural functions of the individual. This can be mainly approached in terms of the way this functionality influences the life of the individual. There are certain cultural believes that affect the life of a given individual negatively in terms of undergoing the medication. This is by getting involved in things that affect their well-being after the discharge form hospital. The other dimension is the developmental variable, which focuses on the process of life in an individual. This is in terms of the factors that are related to the present situation and they have an influence on the situation. The developmental dimensions in the human life make them to move from one stage in life to the other as time goes by. Therefore, the main objective of this variable is to determine how this change of development is affecting the particular patient in the problem. The other variable, which is considered significant in the life of a patient, is the spiritual variable. This focuses on the aspect of spirituality on a continuum from entire awareness of an individual. The patient may also be in a condition of denial to a consciously developed high level of spiritual understanding. There is a lot of usefulness to understand the spiritual well being of the patient since it can also contribute to the provision of quality health care services that will be beneficial to them. There is a way that a client perceives a stressor. In our case, the patient is concern about the fact that he had experienced the chest pain. This problem interfered with the way he undertook his daily activities before he was hospitalized. The patient can even find it hard to do all he wanted to do. This experience with a health problem is difficult to describe how he is planning to deal with other situation. His expectations are to carry on with his daily routine after being discharged from the hospital and recovering. It would be definitely be a source of stress if he does not manage to accomplish what he intend to after the experience with the illness. There is also a way in which a nurse perceives the stressors which is different from the perspective of the patient. The perception is through assessment of the patient by the nurse concerning the problem he is experiencing. According to the nurse perspective, the patient is not able to alter the way of living after the hospitalization. This becomes the reason why the patient is still suffering from the chest pains. It is evident that is the patient is continuing with the initial habit of smoking he is still bound to continue experiencing the pains in the chest. This is despite the fact that the individual have never coped with the same problem in the past. Therefore, the nurse perceives the stressor as being the behaviors that the patient gets involved in after the discharge from the hospital. There are short-term goals that the nurses focus on achieving in order for them to ensure that the patient has received quality health care. One of these goals is for the patient to stop suffering from this chest pains. The other goal is to make the patient to learn to live in a way that will facilitate his recovery. The next goal is to facilitate the increase of the tolerance of the patient to his daily activity. There are also some long-term goals that the nurses are focused on achieving in terms of treating the patient. These long-term goals entail the creation of an optimal degree of harmony and balanced between his external and internal environment. This is in terms seizing smoking habit, attaining the deal weight and development of a lifestyle which commensurate with a satisfying and fulfilling retirement. The nurses are also bound to prevent the invasion of stressors by providing the resources that strengthen the patients system and coping with positive functioning. This is though motivating the patient and using stress as a positive intervention strategy. The nurses can also engage in mobilizing the patients internal and external resources focusing on the achieving stability. They can also seek to maintain the stability through educating and reorienting the patients system as required. Conclusively, this model is considered to provide a reliable guide of different levels of nursing education. The models have managed to incorporate all the significant variables that enable the patient to improve in their conditions. The model lastly focuses on the way the patient can be encouraged to be involved in a good lifestyle. Â   Â   Â   Â  

How to Avoid Translation, Transaction and Economic Exposures

Part 1 Question a Provide examples of how real world multinational corporations (MNC) reduce their translation, transaction and economic exposures. Translation exposure is the effect of changes in exchange rates on the accounting values of financial statements (Shapiro, 2010, p. 356). The translation exposure arises from the conversion the financial statements denominated in foreign currency from denominated in home currency. The MNCs could reduce their translation by using funds adjustment. For an example, if the devaluation of USD is expected for a Chinese company.The company could use direct funds adjustment such as pricing the exports in RMB and pricing the imports in USD, investing in RMB securities and replacing loans in RMB with the loans in USD. The company also could use indirect funds adjustment as paying out dividens, fees and other expends in advance, and speeding up the payment of accounting payable and delaying the collection of accounting receivable in USD. Transaction exposure measures the exchange gains and losses in cash flows in the value of domestic currency, which is denominated in foreign currency (Shapiro, 2010, p. 57). Multinational corporations often lower transaction exposure by making the contract with bank to lock in a forward exchange rate. For an example, an Australian import company expected to pay to an American supplier 10000 USD for the goods half year later. The company could sign a forward foreign exchange which is fixed at 0. 9 AUD per USD, and it allows carrying on the transaction in contract provision deadline any time, take at that time exchange rate as. So if there would be depreciation of home currency, and the Spot exchange rate is at 1. AUD per USD, the company had the right to convert their AUD into USD at previous exchange rate which is at 0. 9 from bank, so the amount of balance was the financial savings in cash flows. Economic exposure measures the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on the operating cash flows t horough the sales price, sales volume, and production cost (Shapiro, 2010, p. 359). So the multinational corporations could reduce their economic exposures by marketing and production strategies.For an example, in the export business, if the currency is soft in home country, the company should more revenue and profit from product pricing, and they should consider lower price by reducing cost of product, such as expanding their scope of operation for reducing the cost of production, shifting production to home for reducing cost of currency exchange. Conversely, if the home country supplies with hard currency, they could shift production to local with soft currency for reducing cost of production. Question bDefine the international debt, equity and trade financing options available to MNCs. Explain why MNCs use these financing source. International debt financing refers to the fund demanders’ credit behaviours of raising funds directly from the public by issuing various debt or stocks in the international bond market (Shapiro, 2010, p. 464). There are two kinds of foreign bond. The first kind is the bonds denominated in the local currency that are issued in the national bond market, and the second kind is the bonds denominated in the home currency that are issued in the local bond market.The important foreign bonds in the world include Yankee bonds of the US and Swiss franc bonds of Swiss, Samurai bonds of Japan and Bulldog Bond from the London market. International debt financing can have multiple sources of capital from different foreign markets. The international debt can be issued in a great number with low cost, and MNCs only need to pay the interest as required and return the principal on the due date. The company’s business condition has nothing to do with creditors and creditors cannot intervene with the company’s management and operation.The management and decision-making are both subject to the discretion of the company itself. Int ernational equity financing refers to enterprises’ fund-raising by issuing stocks in the foreign markets (Shapiro, 2010, p. 466). Since stocks can only be transferred but cannot be withdrawn, the capital raised by international stock financing is long-term capital. For the MNCs could benefit lots of advantage of the International equity financing. Firstly, the international equity financing could reduce the funding risk.For some large MNCs located in the small countries, the market could not meet the need of huge issues, it is necessary to finance in more market. Then, issuing the overseas shares could attract more overseas investors, so there is an increase of demand for the companys’ shares, thereby the price of share would also increase and achieve the maximization of the wealth. Trade financing refers to the short-term financing or credit facility provided by banks to importers or exporters in relation to the settlement of import and export trade (Shapiro, 2010, p. 36). Trading financing is divided into import and export trade financing. In general, in respect of import financing, a letter of credit is adopted (Shapiro, 2010, p. 638). When the issuing bank has received proper and complete documents as required, the applicant makes the payment under the letter of credit to repay the short-term financing. The letter of credit is easy to operate and makes the approval procedures of the administration of foreign exchange much simpler. At the same time, a sight letter of credit is also used.As a result, importers can have access to the long-term letter of credit financing. The export trading financing could take a packing loan. Before exporting the goods specified in the letter of credit provided by the overseas importer, the packing loan is employed to cover the expenses of goods, materials, production and shipment. When the shipment of the goods is completed, the exporter presents all the documents to the negotiating bank for payment under the t erms of the credit.Upon the receipt of the payment of goods, the packing loan should be paid back (Bank of China, 2012). Part 2 Briefly explain the differences between the foreign direct investments (FDI) and portfolio investment. Then collect the required the data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) website and answer the following questions: Foreign direct investment refers to the trade activity of directly entering other countries for production by means of joint venture, sole proprietorship, etc (Shapiro, 2010, p. 198).With direct investment, investors can possess all or part of the enterprise assets and the ownership of operation, and directly perform or participate in the operation and management. Portfolio investment refers to the investment behaviours of purchasing financial securities of other countries to obtain certain proceeds (Shapiro, 2010, p. 198). Compared with direct investment, indirect investment’s investors only have the right to certain proceeds on a regular basis in addition to stock investment, but have no right to intervene with the invitee’s operation and management.Question a List the ten largest recipient countries of US FDI in the years 1990, 2000 and 2010. You need to provide the list of countries as well as the amount of FDI in USD. [pic] Source: U. S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) website. Question b What factors do you think account for these countries being the largest recipients of US FDI? Firstly, both these countries have strong political stability, because there are no changes of government and wars in recent, and the social condition and the rate of economic development of that country are positive.The positive political stability brings a safe investment environment to MNCs, which effectively enhances their confidence and willingness to invest. Secondly, these countries have reasonable, normative and stable legal systems. The countries could provide enough protection for foreign investors. Then, t hese countries have a good economic outlook in their domestic such as the low inflation, balance-of-payment surpluses and the strong growth rate of per capita GDP. So, the positive economic situation, the less likely it is to face risk that will inevitably harm foreign companies (Shapiro, 2010, p. 30). Question c Has the list of recipient counties changed over the concerned period? What might account for these changes? Yes, the list has changed over the concerned period. For most MNCs, the political and economic risks may discourage investors to invest in the countries. Political risk refers to the possibility of causing loss to investment activities of foreign investors because of the change in investment environment as a result of the change in the political situation of the host country (Shapiro, 2010, p. 277).Generally speaking, the main political risk influenced on the investment decision which includes: War Risk, when a political change or war occurs in the host country, it wi ll bring damage to the sales or profits of foreign-funded enterprises in the host country and even endanger the survival of these enterprises Legal risk, with the unreasonable laws and regulations and the direct legal confrontation between the investment country and host country, host country cannot provide enough protection for foreign investors, the assets of enterprises are more likely to suffer loss.Policy change risk, the change in policies concerning land, tax, market and exchange of the host country may influence the profits and development of enterprises. The government in the host country may set up barriers or impose various pressures for enterprises of the investment country, which often results in loss or bankruptcy for foreign-funded enterprises. Government relations risk, inharmonious government relations will lead to mutual hostility and sanctions in economy.As a result, foreign-funded enterprises are the first to be affected, which generates great risk for investment and operating activities. Economic risk mainly stems from the change in the economic policies and economic situation of the host country (Shapiro, 2010, p. 277), which changes may strike the foreign-funded enterprises and generate risk for their investment and operation. The economic risk mainly includes: Exchange rate risk, foreign investment activities often involve the conversion of different currencies.The change in exchange rate may increase the production cost, reduce the profitability of enterprises. Tax risk, the preference level of tax policy in the host country directly influences the management efficiency of enterprises. Interest rate risk, the fluctuation in the interest rate of the host country will have a direct impact on the financing cost and capital utilization efficiency of enterprises. Question d Do you except a change to the 2010 list over the next decade? Explain.Yes, I think some countries in the Third World and Eastern Europe will come into the list. With the strong economic and growth and rising standard of living, these emerging markets might be so profitable to the investors, and these host governments do recognise the free market oriented situation that it has play the role of economic growth. In the past years, the Third World’s and Eastern European countries are more open to the FDI by setting up free market oriented policies. These countries introduced a number of trade liberalization polices.In the free market system, prices and interest rate are set by market. The countries also have tax reform in the past years, that brought to foreign investors much more preferential taxation. They are accelerating the privatisation programme, it identified that government was willing to accept and support private economic activities, which leads to advance the inflow of FDI. After that, these countries also are trying to move forward is to revamp the entire civil service which could provide enough preferential treatment and protection for foreign investors.References Bank of China, 2012, Packing Loan, International Trade Financing. Accessed on: http://www. boc. cn/en/cbservice/cb3/cb35/200806/t20080627_1324121. html Shapiro, A. C. , 2010, Multinational Financial Management, 9th edn, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 198, p. 227, p. 230, p. 356, p. 357, p. 359, p. 464, p. 466, , p. 636, p. 638. U. S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2012, U. S. Direct Investment Position Abroad on a Historical-Cost Basis. [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]

Asthma And Physical Education - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1592 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/23 Category Education Essay Level High school Tags: Physical Education Essay Did you like this example? Asthma is lung disease characterized by chronic inflammation and subsequent complications. Due to its continued prevalence and severity, it is a major public health concern. An estimated 25.7 million Americans have asthma, corresponding to 8.4% of the population (Slejko, et al., 2014). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Asthma And Physical Education" essay for you Create order Asthma is one of the most common childhood diseases, disproportionately affecting urban minorities. Inner city and minority children are more likely to endure more frequent emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and even death from asthma. Additionally, asthma is a leading cause of school absenteeism in the United States, accounting for nearly 13 million missed school days per year. In some urban schools, asthma affects up to 20% of the student population (Jaramillo Reznik, 2015). Students with chronic asthma demonstrate not only increased absences, but poorer performance on standardized academic tests (Liptzin, et al., 2016). During physical exertion, a condition known as exercise-induced bronchospasm or exercise-induced asthma (EIB) may occur in some children. Symptoms during or after engaging in exercise include cough, wheezing, decreased endurance, chest tightness, and sore throat. Other environmental factors such as air temperature, humidity and intensity of exercise it said to affect the onset of EIB. Students who display these symptoms are often excused from participating in PE (Stelmach, et al., 2016). Several scientific studies revealed children with asthma frequently have a reduced physical activity level and physical condition when compared with children without asthma. On the other hand, other studies could not establish these differences both affected physical condition and activity level. There are several correlated considerations affecting how asthmatic children participate in physical activity. These include the studentrs own belief that their asthma limits their ability to engage in physical activity, as well as misconceptions by both students and parents regarding the relationship between asthma and exercise. The reasons why children with asthma are less active than children without asthma are related to poor management, lack of parental knowledge, limited access to inhalers at school and overly protective parents (Hughes, Ramos, Mwarumba, 2017). A study affirmed 37% of mothers reported exercise was dangerous for children with asthma, but there was no evidence of a link between the severity of the childs asthma and his or her level of physical activity. Data from Scotland have shown many parents, teachers and administrators felt very anxious about children with asthma being physically active, with physical activity as an apparent threat to asthma regulation (Jago, Searle, Henderson, Turner, 2017). Increasing evidence indicates a studentrs physical fitness may contribute to the severity of asthma symptoms. The more physically fit students are, the fewer asthma symptoms they are likely to experience. Because of this, physical education classes play a key role in the treatment of asthmatic children. Though children with asthma have a lower health-related quality of life compared with healthy children, it is likely the quality of life in children with asthma could be improved by regular exercise (Wanrooij, Willeboordse, Dompeling, van de Kant, 2014). Studies have found physical training in asthmatic children had positive results, with no worsening of asthma symptoms or any other adverse effects reported. Asthmatic students who participate in physical training showed striking gains in cardiopulmonary capacity and should be encouraged to participate in a regular exercise program, without fearing symptoms will worsen (Carson, et al., 2013). Studies of asthmatic children have indicated physical activity may even alter the immune response, resulting in a positive anti-inflammatory reaction. (Lochte, Nielsen, Petersen, Platts-Mills, 2016). Children with asthma do not differ greatly in the overall level of physical activity from children without asthma, but they often participate less in moderate to intense exercise due to common misconceptions about the effects of exercise on their asthma. As a result, children with Asthma prefer mostly activities of mild and moderate intensity (Dimitrakaki, et al., 2013). Physical exercise is safe and is recommended in children with asthma. However, the intensity of the exercise is far more important than the type. PE teachers must monitor the exercise intensity for children with asthma in order to ensure symptoms are kept at bay and maximum health benefits are gained from exercise (Wanrooij, et al., 2014). A connection exists between obesity and asthma. Epidemiologic studies have consistently demonstrated obesity is closely linked to asthma, with obesity typically preceding asthma in children. A recent meta-analysis featuring six relevant studies indicated overweight children exhibited increased incidence of asthma (Chen, et al., 2014). Though exercise may provoke symptoms in children with asthma, treatment with medication such as bronchodilators should be used when needed before physical exercise to prevent exercise-induced asthma (EIB). Besides medication, there are alternative ways to limit EIB, such as breathing through the nose instead of the mouth, or exercising in a warm, humidified environment. Some children may benefit from warm-up exercises before intense physical exercise to further prevent EIB (Wanrooij, et al., 2014). Appropriate asthma management in schools is an important step to ensure children with asthma keep their condition under control. With nurses not always available on school grounds, it is important to have classroom teachers well informed and well trained to manage any potential asthma emergencies (Dimitrakaki, et al., 2013). In order to improve teachers asthma knowledge and confidence in managing an asthma attack, on going training, especially at the beginning of each school year, may be required. With proper training, teachers could be key contributors in the management of an asthma emergency, especially in schools with limited availability of nurses. An increased knowledge in teachers regarding asthma symptoms, as well as added confidence in managing an asthma attack would result in fewer missed days of school and improved asthma care for students (Jaramillo Reznik, 2015). Studies indicate, with few exceptions such as those with severe asthma or severe conditions, and as long as t heir condition is correctly managed; there is no reason why a child with asthma could not be as active as a child without asthma (Jago, et al., 2017). Many physical education teachers do not necessarily know how to correctly use an inhaler, nor do they understand enough about asthma to modify an exercise program or adjust their teaching to accommodate students with asthma (Hughes, et al., 2017). The main methods of managing asthma symptoms involve sitting out during an activity, drinking water, and visiting the nurse. Students often lack awareness or observance to action plans to prevent or control asthma. Students report limited access to medication during school, as well as feelings of embarrassment or shame when having to use medication in front of others. For many students with asthma, the use of medications was associated with unwanted attention (Walker, Reznik, 2014). School districts are required to provide teachers with pertinent medical information about their students, but the information is not always easily accessible, so it is sensible for teachers to ask for this information themselves from parents at the beginning of each school year. Because of possible life-threatening consequences, all physical educators should have current certification in First Aid and CPR (Jaramillo Reznik, 2015). Fewer than half of U.S. public schools have full-time nurses, with school nurses covering an average of 2.2 schools each. Consequently, teachers or other school personnel may be required to manage medical emergencies until trained medical help arrives. In physical education, the risk of injury or triggering health emergencies, such as an asthma attack, is higher than in the classroom. Because of this, PE teachers must become cognizant of issues unique to specific disabilities, as ignorance may have tragic consequences (Hughes, et al., 2017). Fear of an asthma attack is one of the main obstacles keeping children and adolescents with asthma from exercising. Consequently, many youngsters with asthma withdraw from exercise as a coping strategy. Despite this, 81% of adolescents with asthma reported exercise to be their most enjoyable activity. Mixed activities, as well as team games appear to achieve the best results, perhaps because of how the fitness aspects of a game are camouflaged by the social and cooperative elements of the game, appearing less intimidating to students with asthma (Winn et al., 2017). It is important for PE teachers to treat asthmatic students as normal, encouraging them to exercise and have fun despite the perceived limitations children with asthma may place on themselves. Programs focusing on active play, cooperative games, or a sports education or teaching games for understanding model have a higher likelihood of succeeding among students with asthma due to how all students are treated fairly and are encouraged to work together with others (Westergren, et al., 2016). In conclusion, the writer found that despite misconceptions surrounding the relationship between asthma and exercise, students with asthma could benefit greatly from participating in regular physical activity in the form of physical education class. Contrary to popular belief, students with asthma, except for the most severe cases, do not need to sit out of PE, but merely need to be monitored, with the exercise intensity perhaps adjusted. PE teachers, however, must understand the need for students with asthma to feel normal. As asthmatic students participate in a variety of activities as part of PE, they will become more confident in their ability to maintain a certain level of exertion, as well as get acquainted with their comfort level and better understand how their body reacts to exercise. PE teachers must make every effort to educate themselves about asthma, as well as be CPR certified, considering they may be called upon in the event of an emergency such as an asthma attack Tho ugh students with asthma may initially feel like they should not participate in PE, physical educators should take an active role in helping students with asthma understand the benefits of physical exercise while allowing them to fully experience PE without limitations, but rather small modifications in the intensity of certain activities.

College essay topics to write about Adopting a Child - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2372 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Critical essay Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? Discrimination of Single Adults in the Adoption Process: An Interdisciplinary Approach Introduction Even though it is legal in all 50 states for a single adult to adopt a child, there is still a negative attitude on placing adoptee children with single adults in the adoption process. This problem exists due to the fact that millions of children remain in the adoption system waiting to be adopted, despite the fact that there are numerous suitable single adults wanting to adopt these children. Since the adoption process is made more difficult for single adults due to discrimination, many children remain without a home. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "College essay topics to write about Adopting a Child" essay for you Create order There are a large amount of willing single adults in the U.S. that are more than willing to adopt, love and care for the unwanted children in the adoption system. The adoption process is made more difficult for single adults because there is still the common belief that two heads are better than one, and that children need to be placed in two parent homes rather than with single adults. If more children in the adoption system can be placed with eligible and loving single adults, then they will have a better chance of having a more stable and successful life. The discrimination that single parents experience when attempting to adopt an unwanted child requires multiple perspectives in order to be fully discussed. The reason that this is an interdisciplinary problem is because the discrimination of single adults in the adoption process is too broad and complex to be dealt with adequately by a single discipline or profession (Repko, 2005). The unwanted children in the adopt ion system are a huge societal problem that needs to be addressed. It is especially a problem when there a people out there that want to take care of these children. An interdisciplinary approach also needs to be taken because there is not one area or subject that can provide a sufficient solution to this social problem. The first discipline that will give us a better understanding of this complex social problem would be the Sociology. According to the Journal of the American Planning Association, the structure of family has changed over the last 40 years due to several factors such as, the rising divorce rate, the increase in cohabitating couples and rising unemployment rates. The nuclear family is no longer the norm and many families are headed by single parents. These factors alone should make the adoption process fair and more acceptable when it comes to single adult homes versus two-parent homes. The next discipline that can give us a better perspective on the dis crimination of single adults in the adoption process would be Economics. If single adults were considered as equal as two parent families in the adoption process then more children can be put into more homes and the financial burden on the state will be greatly reduced. According to the U.S. Department of Labor it is estimated that it cost $124,000- $170,000 to raise a child from birth to age 18 depending on the child. According to the National Council for Adoption (NCFA), as of 1997 about 100,000 children were in need of a home. That is approximately 2 billion dollars that the government has to pay to care for these unwanted children. If more single adults were allowed to adopt, then that cost can be greatly reduced. The third discipline that will help in addressing this problem will be Psychology. Children in need of adoption will have a better chance of psychologically wellbeing if they are out in a stable home, even if it is the home of a single adult, rather than the m staying in the foster care system waiting on a two-parent home. There is this common belief that two heads are better than one when it comes to raising a child, but that may not necessarily be true. A child may have just as equal as a chance of psychological wellbeing in a single adult home as they would in a two-parent home. Since the very beginning with the very first adoption laws, there have been laws in most states that allow single parents to adopt according to the American Adoption Project. With single parents being eligible to adopt legally there was a negative attitude geared towards single adults in the adoption process especially at the beginning of the twentieth century. During this time period it was stigmatic to be a single parent whether the child was born out of wedlock or if a single adult was attempting to adopt. According to The Adoption History Project it wasnt until 1965 that the Los Angeles Bureau of Adoptions made the first organized effort to enl ist single parents to adopt children. (www.uoregon.edu/~adoption/topics/singleparentadoptions.htm). Also according to The Adoption History Project, not only has adoption by single adults has been a growing trend since the 1970s but approximately one-third of children adopted from the public foster care system and one-quarter of all children with special needs are adopted by single individuals today, but many fewer single adults adopt fewer singles adopt healthy infants domestically or internationally. The purpose of this paper is to bring to light the ongoing bias that occurs against the numerous amounts of single adults pursuing adoption and hopefully bring an end to the bias against the single adults who want to nurture and provide a loving home for the unwanted children in the foster care system. With 89.6 million singles heading over half of Americas households, according to the 2006 US Census, there should be more have just as equal of an opportunity to adopt a chil d in need of a home as anyone else. Background Discrimination of single adults in the adoption process has a negative impact not only on the children that are in dire need of stable and loving homes, but discrimination of single adults in the adoption process also has a negative impact on the single, potential parents that are ready and willing to provide a home for children that are unwanted by the rest of society. The problem with discriminating against single adults in the adoption process not only alienates a major population in America, but the children in need have a decreased chance at a stable home and end up waiting in the system if no one else adopts them. As of 2005 there were over 513,000 children in the U.S. that were in some form of foster care. Of those 513,000 children that were in foster care, 114,000, over half being male, were waiting to be adopted; meaning the parental rights of their biological parents had been terminated. Almost 700 of these children were runaways, and the rest were divided amongs t government institutions, and foster homes. 23% of the children that were waiting to be adopted had been waiting in the foster care system since they were infants. (Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System, 2005) With two-parent homes being the preference for an adoptee rather over single parents, many of these children age out of the adoption system without ever being placed in a permanent home. Nearly 20,000 children each year aged out of the foster care system or become a legal adults when they turn 18 and are no longer in the care of the foster care system. With these children coming from abusive families, without knowing where they came from at all or without the stability that they need as a child, they can end up becoming unstable adults which can have a negative impact on society. They may not get the help that they need to overcome their unfortunate circumstance, and therefore more likely not to experience stable adulthood also. According to a study c onducted on foster children aged out of the system, Aging Out of the Foster Care System: Challenges and Opportunities for the State of Michigan: Young adults out of foster care are 51 percent more likely to be unemployed, 27 percent more likely to be incarcerated, and 42 percent more likely to be teenage parents, and 25 percent more likely to be homeless. Within four years, 60 percent of them will have had a child (Anderson, 2003) With the rising numbers of children in the foster care system, the problem of youth ageing out of the system and not succeeding in life will only become worse if nothing is done about it (Anderson, 2003). With them being at a disadvantage during childhood and growing up to a disadvantage in adulthood, these factors can a huge negative impact on society. They may need to be placed on welfare due their higher chance of being unemployed, which will cost the government and taxpayers even more money in addition to the cost of raising them as children . It also cost money to have them in prison, and support them if they become teenage parents. Making the adoption process fair for single adults increases the likelihood of giving more children in foster care a better childhood, a chance at a successful adulthood, and easing the financial burden on the U.S. Government and its taxpayers. Giving qualified single adults the opportunity to give these children a better future and loving home and have a positive impact on all of society. With more stable adults coming from stable homes, this decreases the chances of unemployment, teenage pregnancy, and imprisonment. Imagine growing up in an abusive household or being given up as a baby and not knowing where you came from and being placed in foster care or adoption facility. You may be placed in and out of different foster families throughout your life, but never the permanent and loving home that you need. Some of the foster families you have lived with may have been suffici ent, other foster homes have had abusive foster parents, or other children in their care may have abused you also. You eventually turn 18, a legal adult, and are told to gather all of your belongings so that you can leave. Imagine being forced out of the only home you knew, without knowing a stable home or being taught the basic skills of surviving in the everyday world. This process happens to over 20,000 adults coming out of the foster care system all over the U.S. It is often wondered why these single adults would want to tie themselves down with children, let alone someone elses child. It is also wondered why risk adopting a child that comes from an abusive home and has a risk of mental health problems, or why go through with the difficult process as a single adult by competing with two-parent families to adopt a child. Single adults may be single by no fault of their own or they may choose to be single by choice. Either way, a single adult have the same needs and urges to nurture a child so they pursue parenthood just like any other adult. Single adults that pursue adoption want to love and provide a home for the unwanted children in foster care, even the ones with special needs. It is estimated that 25% of the adoption of children with special needs, are adopted by single adults (Prowler, 1990). Not only do single adults have to endure negativity to adopt a child from adoption agencies, they may endure criticism from the people that are closest to them. Family and friends of these single adults that are attempting to adopt can be discouraging by telling them to get married first or by telling them that they cannot raise a child on their own. For many singles, family and friends maybe the biggest obstacle that you have to overcome before even beginning adoption procedures (Prowler, 1990). She also states that single men may have it even tougher when it comes to overcoming obstacles. Their motives are highly questioned and they ma y get asked intimate questions about their sexuality and their reasoning behind wanting to adopt a child as a single man. The disciplines that are used to explain this complex, real world problem are Sociology, Economics, and Psychology. Sociology is one of the most important disciplines that will be used to address the problem of discrimination of single adults in the adoption process because the family structure in America has drastically changed the this discipline helps to address this fact. Sociology not only deals with the individual, it deals with family structure also. The next discipline that is used to address this complex issue would be Economics. Not allowing eligible single adults adopt fairly is hurting the American society financially, and the Economic discipline helps to address this issue. Sociology and Economics are discussed first because they are the more important of all three of the disciplines that are discussed and they have the biggest impact on t he groups that are being discussed. Although Sociology and Economics are the more important disciplines, the complex problem of the discrimination of single adults in the adoption process cannot be fully addressed without discussing the discipline of Psychology, which discusses the mental well-being of the children that are in the foster care system. In order to have a better understanding of the complex issue of discrimination of single adults in the adoption process, we must be able to make use of the interdisciplinary process in order to have a good understanding of this issue. For this interdisciplinary problem , of the different models that can be used to address the problem, the comprehensive model will be used by giving the information, facts, and conclusion from each discipline in order to fully address the complex problem of discrimination against single adults in the adoption process (Repko, 2005). References U.S. Singles: The New Nuclear Family. (2007, May 30). Marketing Charts. Retrieved February 9, 2008, from https://www.marketingcharts.com/television/us-singles-the-new-nuclear-family-490. Ellewood, D. (1993). The Changing Structure of American Families. Journal of the American Planning Association (27) 1, 45-47. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from Academic Search Complete Database. Economics Anderson, G. (2003) Aging Out of the Foster Care System: Challenges and Opportunities for the State of Michigan. https://www.ippsr.msu.edu/Publications/ARFosterCare.pdf. Psychology Additional Sources Repko, A. (2005). Interdisciplinary Practice: A Student Guide to Research and Writing. Boston, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing. Prowler, M (1990). Single Parent Adoption: What You Need to Know. National Adoption Center. Retrieved January 26, 2008, https://library.adoption.com/single-parent- Adoption. Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System. (2005 ) The AFCARS Report. www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb.